| 词条 | Draft:Rajputs of Nepal | ||||
| 释义 |
Rajputs of Nepal ({{lang-ne|नेपालका राजपुत}}) or anciently Rajputras ({{lang-ne|राजपुत्र}}) are various historical groups of Rajputs from ancient and medieval India that have immigrated to Kathmandu valley, Khas Malla Kingdom, Western hill regions and other Terai territories. The first Nepalese dynasty of Indian plain origin were Lichhavis{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=2}} who were Rajputs{{sfn|Regmi|1973a|p=146}} and entitled themselves with the archaic title Rajputra.{{sfn|Vajracharya|1975|p=239}} The heavy Rajput immigration into Nepal began on the rise of Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent after the 12th century CE.{{sfn|Hamilton|1819|pp=129-132}}{{sfn|D.R. Regmi|1961|p=14}}{{sfn|Todd|1950|p=209}} These Rajputs settled in the various hills of the Himalayan ranges specially the Western-Central Nepal and eventually intermixed with the Khas community who had vast similarities.{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=3}} Those Rajput groups in the Western Nepal led into disintegration of Khas Malla Kingdom and formation of large number of confederated states called Baise Rajya and Chaubisi Rajya.{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=3}} Some of the Malla rulers of the Kathmandu valley were of the Rajput origin notably the famed ruler Jayasthiti Malla{{sfn|Acharya|1970|p=4}} who established Hindu reforms and social regulations. Rajput families from Indo-Gangetic plain were invited by the Mallas of the Kathmandu valley and a new noble class of courtiers were developed from the descendents of plain Rajputs in the Malla court.{{sfn|Acharya|1970|p=12}} The Shah court also heavily favored Rajputs as legal regulations in the Kingdom of Nepal were inclined to them making them one of the Hindu high caste in the Tagadhari group[1] and an unslavable faction in Nepal.{{sfn|Regmi|1969a|p=44}} HistoryLichchavi RajputrasLichhavis were the first Nepalese dynasty of Indian plain origin who began their rule in the 4th or 5th century.{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=2}} Historian Baburam Acharya in an interview asserts that Amshuverma and the Lichhavi rulers were all Rajputs and Kshatriyas.{{sfn|Regmi|1973a|p=146}} Lichchavi inscription self describes them as Rajputras (princes).{{sfn|Regmi|1973a|p=146}} Rajputras who were ranked Kshatriyas, had special role in politics during the Lichchavi period. The Lichchavi inscription of Sikubahi (Shankhamul) mentions about Rajputra Vajraratha, Rajputra Babharuvarma, and Rajputra Deshavarma.{{sfn|Vajracharya|1975|p=239}} Rajputra Babharuvarma and Rajputra Deshavarma were Dutakas (diplomats) in the reign of King Gangadeva and Amshuvarma respectively. {{sfn|Vajracharya|1975|p=239}} Similarly, the Lichchavi inscription of Sanga mentions the name of Rajputra Vikramasena who was a Dandanayaka (judge).{{sfn|Vajracharya|1975|p=239}} The Lichchavi inscription of Deopatan mentions Rajputra Shurasena as well as the inscriptions of Adeshwar mention the names of Rajputra Nandavarma, Rajputra Jishnuvarma and Rajputra Bhimavarma.{{sfn|Vajracharya|1975|p=239}} Thus, historian Dhanavajra Vajracharya concludes that Rajputra of Kshatriya ranks were found abundantly in the topmost position in the Lichchavi court.{{sfn|Vajracharya|1975|p=239}} Rajputs in Khas KingdomThe Baleshwar Inscription of King Krachalla (or Krachalla Deva) of Khas Malla Kingdom at capital Dullu{{sfn|Atkinson|1971|p=273}} self proclaimed that he belonged to a Buddhist Jina family of hill Rajput background.{{sfn|Atkinson|1971|p=272}} The inscription mentions his two regional chiefs (Mandalikas) as Rawat Rajas.{{sfn|Atkinson|1971|p=272}} Few groups of Hindus including Rajputs were entering Nepal before the fall of Chittor due to regular invasions of Muslims in India.{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=3}} After the Fall of Chittorgarh in 1303 by the Alauddin Khilji of the Khalji dynasty, Rajputs from the region immigrated in large groups into Nepal due to heavy religious persecution. The incident is supported by both the Rajput and Nepalese traditions.{{sfn|Hamilton|1819|pp=129-132}}{{sfn|D.R. Regmi|1961|p=14}}{{sfn|Wright|1877|pp=167-168}}{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=3}}{{refn|group=note|Scottish scholar Francis Buchanan-Hamilton doubts the first tradition of Rajput influx to Nepal which states that Rajputs from Chittor came to Ridi Bazaar in 1495 A.D. and went on to capture the Gorkha Kingdom after staying in Bhirkot.{{sfn|Hamilton|1819|pp=240-244}} He mentions the second tradition which states that Rajputs reached Palpa through Rajpur at Gandak river.{{sfn|Hamilton|1819|pp=129-132}} The third tradition mentions that Rajputs reached Palpa through Kumaon and Jumla.{{sfn|Hamilton|1819|pp=12-13,15-16}}}} Indian scholar Rahul Ram asserts that the Rajput immigration into Nepal is an undoubted fact but there can be questions in purity of blood of some leading families.{{sfn|Ram|1996|p=77}} Historian James Todd mentions that there was a one Rajasthani tradition that mentions the immigration of Rajputs from Mewar to Himalayas in the late 12th century after the battle between Chittor and Muhammad Ghori.{{sfn|Todd|1950|p=209}} Historian John T Hitchcock and John Whelpton contends that the regular invasions by Muslims led to heavy influx of Rajputs with Brahmins from the 12th century.{{sfn|Hitchcock|1978|pp=112-113}}{{sfn|Whelpton|2005|p=10}} The Hindu immigrants including Rajputs were mixed into the Khas society quickly as a result of much resemblance.{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=3}} The entry of Rajputs in the central Nepal were easily assissted by Khas Malla rulers who had developed a large feudatory state covering more than half of the greater Nepal.{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=3}} Also, the Magar tribesmen of Western Nepal welcomed the immigrant Rajput chiefs with much cordiality.{{sfn|Pandey|1997|p=507}} After the late 13th century, the Khas Empire collapsed and was divided into Baise Rajya (22 principalities) in Karnali-Bheri region and Chaubise rajya (24 principalities) in Gandaki region. These Baise and Chaubise kingdoms were ruled by Rajputs and several decentralized tribal polities.{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=3}} Historian and Jesuit Ludwig Stiller contends that the Rajput intervention to the political affairs of Khas Malla Kingdom was significant reason behind the disintegration of the kingdom and he further conjectures: {{Quote | text = Though they were relatively few in number, they were of higher caste, warriors and of a temperament that quickly gained them the ascendancy in the princedoms in the Jumla Kingdom, their effect on the kingdom was centrifugal. | source = Ludwig Stiller's "The Rise of House of Gorkha"{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=3}}}}Malla Rajputs of KathmanduIn 1380 A.D., the last Baish King, Arjun Dev or Arjun Malla, was ousted by his ministers and was displaced by a Rajput King Sthiti Malla.{{sfn|Acharya|1970|p=4}} Sthiti Malla self proclaimed as a Kshatriya of Sun-god descent. {{sfn|Acharya|1970|p=11}} Sthiti Malla’s successor, King Jyotir Malla and his successors invited Rajput families from Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, and began marital relations with them.{{sfn|Acharya|1970|p=12}} The illegitimate sons of Jyotirmalla were given the Rajput surname Singh while the legitimate sons were given the surname Malla.{{sfn|Acharya|1970|p=12}} Rajput bridegrooms were procured from Bihar regions and were married to their daughters of the Malla rulers.{{sfn|Acharya|1975b|p=186}} These Rajput son-in-laws were included in the gotra of the Malla rulers{{sfn|Acharya|1975b|p=186}} and the son-in-law who lived with their Malla father-in-laws were given the surname Singh.{{sfn|Acharya|1970|p=12}} Thus, the Rajput families became courtiers at Nepal and created a new endogamous courtier (Bharadari) class.{{sfn|Acharya|1970|p=12}} Gorkhali RajputsAfter the Rajput immigration in Western Nepal, Shah dynasty and their Thakuri clans began claiming descent from Rajput refugees of Chittor whose fort was sieged twice by the Muslim invaders in 1303 and 1568.{{sfn|Whelpton|2005|p=10}} The Raja Vamshavali (royal genealogy) written by Chitravilasa on the instigation of King Rama Shah of Gorkha Kingdom as well as the Goraksha Vamshavali (Goraksha genealogy) links the royal dynasty of Gorkha to the ruling Rawal Rajput family of Chittor.{{sfn|Acharya|1976a|p=172}} Richard Temple asserts that the some of the ruling dynasties of Nepal valley were of patrilineal "Aryan Rajput" descent and matrilineal aboriginal descent.{{sfn|Temple|1970|p=138}} He further contends that the royal house of Gorkha were such half-caste Rajputs.{{sfn|Temple|1970|p=138}} Rajput, Chhetri and ThakuriHistorian Baburam Acharya referred Chhetri as Rajputs in the Pyuthan state of Chaubise rajya where the group was placed opposed to Khawas (slave) or Matwali (liquor drinkers).{{sfn|Acharya|1976b|p=225}} These Rajputs spoke the Nepali language of the Aryan language family.{{sfn|Acharya|1976b|p=225}} During the reign of Mukunda Sen, Rajput Chhetris particularly Thapa, Rawal, Kunwar, Khatri and Khadka came from western regions and settled in his kingdom.{{sfn|Acharya|1976b|p=226}} Similarly, the Muluki Ain entitled "On Adultery and Slavery Among the Madhesiyas of the Tarai" mentions the Rajput Chhetri caste.{{sfn|Regmi|1969b|p=49}} Historian John T Hitchcock mentions that in Western Nepal and Kumaon, the Rajputs were either plain origin or Khas origin.{{sfn|Hitchcock|1978|pp=118-119}} He further referred Chhetris as "Khas Rajputs".{{sfn|Hitchcock|1978|p=116}} Thakuris who are regarded as ruling clans of Nepal are also referred to as Rajputs.{{sfn|Gurung|1994|p=21}} Prayag Raj Sharma mentions that the Rajputs referred in the Muluki Ain (Legal Code) were Thakuris.{{sfn|Sharma|2004|p=133}} Rajput ArchitectureDuring the period of Malla Kings, the architecture was of Mughal style.{{sfn|Acharya|1975a|p=165}} However, the architecture during the period of King Prithvi Narayan Shah was a Rajput style of architecture.{{sfn|Acharya|1975a|p=165}} King Prithvi Narayan Shah built the 115 feet high palace named Kailash to the south of Kathmandu palace in the Rajput style of architecture. He kept his eldest son and Crown Prince Pratap Singh Shah in the palace.{{sfn|Acharya|1973|p=57}} During the rule of King Rana Bahadur Shah, a large house was built in Deopatan based on the Rajput style. A sanatorium was built for the treatment of Queen Kantiwati based on the Rajput style.{{sfn|Acharya|1975a|p=165}} As Mukhtiyar Bhimsen Thapa rose, the European architecture increased in popularity ending the period of Rajput architecture.{{sfn|Acharya|1975a|p=166}} Provisions relating to RajputsThe royal order by King Girvan Yuddha Bikram Shah dated Kartik Badi 10, 1860 V.S. (November 1803) declares that neither Brahmin and Rajput could be enslaved throughout the Kingdom of Nepal.{{sfn|Regmi|1969a|p=44}}{{refn|group=note|From King Girban,
It had been the practice in the region between the Bheri River and the Mahakali river to enslave Brahmans and Rajputs. From today, no Brahman or Rajput shall be enslaved throughout our territory. Other ryots too shall be enslaved only with their consent, in the presence of the respectable persons of village, not through the use of force.
King Rajendra of Nepal issued royal orders with effect of enforcement from Ashadh Sudi 7, 1893 (July 1836) prohibiting sexual relations with widowed sister-in-law (i.e. wife of elder brother) among all castes and such act was made punishable by provisions as per the caste of the perpetrator.{{sfn|Regmi|1971|p=2}}{{refn|group=note|This provision exempted the Kirantis, Limbus, Lapches and Jumlis from punishment for the time being.{{sfn|Regmi|1971|p=2}}}} The punishment for the non-royal Rajput male perpetrator on that offence was ‘’cutting of genitals’’.{{sfn|Regmi|1971|p=2}} The legal code enacted on the reign of King Surendra of Nepal shows that the Brahmins of Jaisi caste were punishable by five of NRs. 40 if the male Jaisi Brahmin committed sexual offence to a Rajput girl without establishing commensal relationship with the girl and were punishable by NRs. 60 on the same assault with establishing commensal relationship with the girl.{{sfn|Regmi|1970b|p=285}} The royal order dated Kartik Badi 6, 1920 V.S. (November 1863) by King of Nepal Surendra Bikram Shah allows Thakuris and Rajputs of Kingdom of Nepal with fiscal privileges of exemption on payment of Serma 1 levies in lieu of compulsory labor (Jhara, Khara, Beth, Begari, Hulak), Walak until 1919 V.S. as well as exemption on levies payable to Zamindars and local administrators (Amali) from the year 1920 V.S.{{sfn|Regmi|1970a|p=19}} {{refn|group=note| From King Surendra Bikram Shah,
As per the Muluki Ain titled ‘’On Adultery and Slavery Among the Madhesiyas of the Tarai’’, the unslavable Matwali caste of Terai is punishable with imprisonment up to 3 years if he commits adultery with the female of Rajput Chhetri without commensality. If he was proven with commensality, the punishment increases to 6 years on the case.{{sfn|Regmi|1969b|p=49}} Notable people
See Also
ReferencesFootnotes1. ^{{cite web | url=http://southasiacheck.org/fact-check/how-discriminatory-was-the-first-muluki-ain-against-dalits/ | title=How discriminatory was the first Muluki Ain against Dalits?| date=2015-08-21}} 2. ^{{Cite web |url=https://books.google.com/?id=GE1uAAAAMAAJ&q=ranas+of+nepal&dq=ranas+of+nepal |title=THE RANAS OF NEPAL |website= |dead-url=|last1=Rana |first1=Prabhakar S. J. B. |last2=Rana |first2=Pashupati Shumshere Jung Bahadur |last3=Rana |first3=Gautam S. J. B. |year=2003 }} Notes{{reflist}}Books
|
||||
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。