“Draft:Robert Walter Jones JD”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Robert Walter Jones (October 5, 1930- February 26, 1998) was a Cleveland, Ohio attorney, politician, law professor, U.S. Army Major, civil rights litigator and environmentalist. As an attorney, he was employed in public capacities in Northeastern Ohio as a Legal Aid Public Defender, United States Attorney, and City of Cleveland attorney. In response to the Cuyahoga River fire, as U.S. Attorney in 1970 he led the first Federal grand jury water pollution investigations and prosecutions setting into motion the recovery of the Cuyahoga River and Lake Erie and the development of the Clean Water Act.

Jones enrolled in R.O.T.C. at Ohio University and spent two years after college graduation as an officer in U.S. Army Active Duty; his reserve unit was disbanded in 1968 after he had attained the rank of Major.^[1] Jones graduated from Western Reserve School of Law in 1957; he was named “Student of the Year” by the Student Bar Association.^[2] He married Ann Hull, of the Hull pottery family, in 1957, and developed a private trial law practice in Cleveland, Cuyahoga County, Ohio.^[3]

In Cleveland, pollution was a demoralizing embarrassment to the citizenry. As described in “Fables of the Cuyahoga: Reconstructing a History of Environmental Protection:” "On June 22, 1969, just before noon, an oil slick and assorted debris under a railroad trestle on the Cuyahoga River caught fire...The fire attracted national media attention, including stories in Time, and National Geographic...The image of a river ablaze was seared into the nation’s emerging environmental consciousness."^[4]

President Richard Nixon had signed the National Environmental Policy Act on New Year’s Day in 1970, establishing the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Nixon appointed William Ruckelshaus to head the agency. It opened its doors December 2nd.

As the EPA moved ahead on pollution control, The Attorney General of the United States, John N. Mitchell gave a Press Conference December 18, 1970: “As in the case of other government departments and agencies, EPA refers civil and criminal suits to the Department of Justice, which determines whether there is a base for prosecution and of course, if we find it so, we proceed with court action…And today, I would like to announce that we are filing suit this morning against the Jones and Laughlin Steel Company for discharging substantial quantities of cyanide into the Cuyahoga River near Cleveland. Mr. Ruckelshaus has said, when he asked the Department to file this suit, that the 180-day notice filed against the company had expired. We are filing a civil suit to seek immediate injunctive relief under the Refuse Act of 1899 and the Federal Water Pollution Act to halt the discharge of these deleterious materials into the river."^[5]

Jones had recently been commended by F.B.I. Director J. Edgar Hoover and was the U.S. Attorney for the Northern District of Ohio during December 1970.^[6]^[7]^[8] It was the time of the first legal steps taken by the EPA and the Department of Justice to prosecute water polluters and protect the Cuyahoga River and Lake Erie. The Plain Dealer documented the efforts of Jones in multiple stories that December:

“U.S. Opens Probe Here on Pollution:” A federal grand jury today is to begin an investigation of water pollution allegedly being caused by about 12 companies in northeastern Ohio.^[9] A U.S. Department of Justice source said yesterday it would be the first grand jury investigation of water pollution in this area. Expected to handle presentation of the cases are Acting U.S. Attorney Robert W. Jones and Assistant U.S. Attorney Edward S. Molnar.

“Charges J&L With Pollution:” U.S. authorities have filed criminal charges against Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp for allegedly discharging 75 tons of blast furnace waste a day in the Cuyahoga River over a 10-day period.^[10]^[11] U.S. Attorney Robert W. Jones filed the misdemeanor charges in District Court Wednesday, alleging violations of the 1899 Rivers and Harbors Act.

“U.S. Jury Indicts CEI on Ash Dumping in Lake” read the front-page headline.^[12] A federal grand jury here indicted four corporations yesterday for polluting Lake Erie and waterways in northeast Ohio. Facing fines are Cleveland Electric Illuminating Co., Shell Oil Company, Uniroyal Chemical Division of Uniroyal Inc. and Olin Corp. The companies were charged under the 1899 Rivers and Harbors Act, which makes dumping refuse in navigable waters illegal. CEI faces 20 counts in the indictment. The company is accused of dumping 33 tons of fly ash, a coal residue, in Lake Erie. The cases, developed in part by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, were presented to the jury by acting U.S. Atty. Robert W. Jones and Assistant U.S. Atty. Edward S. Molnar.

“Pollution Suits Hit U.S. Steel:” The nation’s largest steel producer yesterday was added to the list of companies charged by the federal government with polluting waterways in northeastern Ohio.^[13] In twin suits filed in U.S. District Court here, the U.S. Steel Corp. was accused of dumping cyanides in the Cuyahoga and Black rivers. Assistant U.S. Atty. Edward S. Molnar and acting U.S. Atty. Robert W. Jones are spearheading the government’s latest water pollution prosecutions here.

Subsequently, Jones filed suit October 13, 1971 asking that Metals Applied Inc. be enjoined from dumping “hexavalent chromium, suspended solids and oil” into the Cuyahoga River.^[14]

It was largely based on these and other litigation experiences that criteria for new legislation were identified leading to the Clean Water Act. The Act creation was inspired by the burning Cuyahoga River fire news reports that had sparked an environmental revolution.^[15]^[16]^[17]

In 1972, three years after the Cuyahoga River caught fire and amid pressures from the EPA, Mayor Ralph Perk formed the NEORSD-or the Northeast Ohio Regional Sewer District. Perk had to rethink regional Cleveland-Cuyahoga County governmental structure and agencies. After leaving the U.S. Attorney's office in 1972, Jones was brought in to the Cleveland Legal Department.^[18] Perk left office in 1977.

In 1989 Robert Walter Jones was nominated by letter for the Nobel Peace Prize, by James M. Petro, a member of the Ohio House of Representatives: "This nominee has produced “Six Principles for International Resolution"...The “Six Principles” focuses on water as an element of life, the necessity of which is shared by all of the people of the world. Agreement by all of the nations of the world to respect and protect that essential element for life, and the universal values represented by it, would substantially enhance the opportunities for World Peace.”^[19]

The Ohio EPA, the Sierra Club, the NEORSD and many others have celebrated the 50th anniversary of the recovery of the Cuyahoga River and Lake Erie since the fire of 1969, including news articles,^[20]^[21]^[22]^[23]^[24]^[25]^[26]^[27]^[28]events,^[29]^[30]^[31]^[32]^[33]^[34]^[35]theater^[36] and video documentary.^[37]^[38]^[39]

While with the law firm Zellmer, Rhein and Gruber in 1965, Jones filed a precedent-setting motion involving a business owner’s liberty rights and the search of a business by authorities.^[40] Later in 1965, Jones began trial practice with the Public Defender’s Office of the Legal Aid Society of Cleveland. Jones began defending a woman arrested by Cleveland Police as a suspicious person.^[41] The Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Civil Rights Act of 1968 had raised consciousness. This case involving civil and political rights eventually was heard by The Ohio Supreme Court; it was summarized in a Plain Dealer News Article in 1969: “Suspicious Persons Law Killed by Court.”^[42]

In 1967 the Plain Dealer reported how Jones became his defendant’s hero, “Unwanted Lawyer Is Hero Now:” Jack Klein was acquitted of theft charges through the efforts of a court appointed lawyer [Jones] he tried to fire.^[43] A jury of seven men and five women deliberated only 21 minutes after a 2-day trial before Common Pleas Judge Frank Celebrezze. Celebrezze called Klein to the bench. With Klein standing next to Robert W Jones of the public defender’s office- the lawyer Klein attempted to fire- Judge Celebrezze said: “You said you did not have confidence in your lawyer, Mr. Klein. I’m sure you do not feel that way at this moment.” Klein, 37, faced two to 40 years in prison if convicted on charges of stealing and operating a motor vehicle without the owner’s consent. After the trial, Klein said: “I have all kinds of confidence in him (Jones) now.”

Another jury returned an equally speedy verdict; The Plain Dealer reported it as “Eyes Win Innocent Verdict.”^[44] “I’ll never forget those deep blue eyes,” [she] told the courtroom of Common Pleas Judge Herbert R. Whiting. She was referring to the color of the eyes of an armed robber who grabbed $13,000 in cash from the store [where she cashiered]. He was identified by her from a black and white police photo. Robert W. Jones, chief trial lawyer for the Public Defender’s Office, marched [the accused] in front of the seven-man, five-woman jury. “Stare into those deep blue eyes,” he told each of the jurors. After the trial ended, the jury went to the deliberation room and spent one hour discussing the case. They returned with an innocent verdict. “Why not?” asked Jones. “Those ‘deep blue eyes’ were a very light hazel.”

Jones was promoted to chief trial attorney after 4 years with the Public Defender’s Office.^[45] Professor Jones conducted a trial practice program for Case Western Reserve University School of Law senior law students 1965-69.^[46] In Spring 1968 Jones ran unsuccessfully against Blanche Krupansky in the Republican Primary for Common Pleas Judge.

Jones became Assistant U.S. Attorney in 1969^[47] and given control of the trial docket.^[48] In March 1970 he was promoted to First Assistant by U.S. Attorney Robert B. Krupansky.^[49] The Kent State shootings were investigated.^[50] A June 30th 1970 fiscal year-end Memorandum officially summarized the year's achievements: “The following is a review of significant progress, achievement and occurrences in the Office of the United States Attorney for the Northern District of Ohio from July 1, 1969 to the present (fiscal year 1970).”^[51] The Memorandum profiled Civil Rights case activity: 6 cases were filed under Title 8 of the Civil Rights Act of 1968. As a result of close cooperation between the Civil Rights Division of the Justice Department and the United States Attorney’s Office, 5 of these cases had been resolved by consent decrees. Jones, as a member of the Drug Abuse Committee of the Cleveland Area Coordinating Counsel, participated in the Narcotic Addict Rehabilitation Program which led to the creation of an Addiction medicine center at University Circle, Cleveland. The Memorandum also cites the role of Jones in ending the U.S. postal strike of 1970.

National attention was received by the investigations into the conspiracy to slay labor leader Joseph Yablonski. A nationwide F.B.I. investigation produced sufficient evidence to charge three Cleveland area residents with conspiracy to slay Yablonski. Through Grand Jury proceedings, a series of three conspiracy indictments were returned charging five individuals. The investigation was conducted by Krupansky, assisted by Jones. Former United Mine Worker’s president W. A. Boyle (Tony) was eventually indicted by a Grand Jury on a charge of conspiring to murder Joseph A. Yablonski, his rival for the union leadership in 1969. Yablonski’s wife and daughter were also slain.^[52] He was convicted.

The U.S. Attorney exploits of Jones were the subject of numerous news stories. A Wall Street Journal reporter retold stories of bank robbery goofs; other reports included stories of consumer goods thefts from trucks, bond theft by a bank employee, bank embezzlement, tax evasion by a company president, counterfeit money conspiracy, armed bank robbery and manslaughter at sea.^[53]

Jones ran as the losing Republican candidate for Cuyahoga County Prosecutor against the long-term incumbent John T. Corrigan in November 1972.^[54] In December 1976 The Bar Association of Greater Cleveland sent Republican Governor Rhodes its recommendations for four vacancies in the Probate, Common Pleas and Municipal Courts.^[55] But Jones was not appointed. He entered into a private consulting practice.^[56]

Images of original documents and out of print news articles related to Jones are archived on the website Robert Walter Jones J. D. Library and Archive.^[57] These illumine the 1960s and 1970s.

References

1. ^{{Cite web|url=https://rojoneswi.wixsite.com/robertjonesjdlibrary/single-post/2018/06/24/REF-13-%E2%80%9CRobert-Jones-On-Honor-List-at-OU%E2%80%9D-The-Record--Courier-Ravenna-Kent-Ohio-June-1951-AND-Lieut-Robert-W-Jones-Assigned-to-Active-Duty-Military-Service-Record|title=REF 13 “Robert Jones On Honor List at OU” The Record -Courier, Ravenna-Kent, Ohio, June 1951. AND “Lieut. Robert W. Jones Assigned to Active Duty.“ Military Service Record.|website=Home {{!}} Robert Walter Jones J.D. Library and Archive|language=en|access-date=2019-02-26}}
2. ^{{Cite web|url=https://rojoneswi.wixsite.com/robertjonesjdlibrary/single-post/2018/06/24/REF-14-%E2%80%9C5-Law-Students-Honored-at-WRU%E2%80%9D-The-Plain-Dealer-Cleveland-Ohio-May-1957|title=REF 14 “5 Law Students Honored at WRU” The Plain Dealer, Cleveland, Ohio, May 1957.|website=Home {{!}} Robert Walter Jones J.D. Library and Archive|language=en|access-date=2019-02-26}}
3. ^{{Cite web|url=https://rojoneswi.wixsite.com/robertjonesjdlibrary/single-post/2018/06/24/REF-17-%E2%80%9CMr-and-Mrs-Robert-W-Jones-Living-in-Cleveland%E2%80%9D-The-Crooksville-Roseville-Messenger-Crooksville-Ohio-October-1957|title=REF 17 “Mr. and Mrs. Robert W. Jones, Living in Cleveland” The Crooksville-Roseville Messenger, Crooksville, Ohio, October 1957.|website=Home {{!}} Robert Walter Jones J.D. Library and Archive|language=en|access-date=2019-02-26}}
4. ^{{Cite journal|last=Adler|first=Jonathan H.|date=2002|title=Fables of the Cuyahoga: Reconstructing a History of Environmental Protection|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.333140|journal=SSRN Electronic Journal|doi=10.2139/ssrn.333140|issn=1556-5068}}
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44. ^{{Cite web|url=https://rojoneswi.wixsite.com/robertjonesjdlibrary/single-post/2018/06/24/REF-29-%E2%80%9CEyes-Win-Innocent-Verdict%E2%80%9D-The-Plain-Dealer-Cleveland-Ohio-May-16-1969|title=REF 29 “Eyes Win Innocent Verdict” The Plain Dealer, Cleveland, Ohio, May 16, 1969.|website=Home {{!}} Robert Walter Jones J.D. Library and Archive|language=en|access-date=2019-02-27}}
45. ^{{Cite web|url=https://rojoneswi.wixsite.com/robertjonesjdlibrary/single-post/2018/06/24/REF-30-%E2%80%9CDefender-Office-Promotes-Jones%E2%80%9D-The-Plain-Dealer-Cleveland-Ohio-1968|title=REF 30 “Defender Office Promotes Jones” The Plain Dealer, Cleveland, Ohio, 1968.|website=Home {{!}} Robert Walter Jones J.D. Library and Archive|language=en|access-date=2019-02-27}}
46. ^{{Cite web|url=https://rojoneswi.wixsite.com/robertjonesjdlibrary/single-post/2018/06/24/REF-32-%E2%80%9CThe-Citizens-League-Announces-Primary-Preferences%E2%80%9D-The-Plain-Dealer-Cleveland-Ohio-1968|title=REF 32 “The Citizens League Announces Primary Preferences” The Plain Dealer, Cleveland, Ohio, 1968.|website=Home {{!}} Robert Walter Jones J.D. Library and Archive|language=en|access-date=2019-02-27}}
47. ^{{Cite web|url=https://rojoneswi.wixsite.com/robertjonesjdlibrary/single-post/2018/06/24/REF-34-%E2%80%9C4-Tapped-here-as-US-Attorney%E2%80%99s-Aides%E2%80%9D-by-Ann-Hellmuth-The-Plain-Dealer-Cleveland-Ohio-May-27-1969|title=REF 34 “4 Tapped here as U.S. Attorney’s Aides” by Ann Hellmuth, The Plain Dealer, Cleveland, Ohio, May 27, 1969.|website=Home {{!}} Robert Walter Jones J.D. Library and Archive|language=en|access-date=2019-02-27}}
48. ^{{Cite web|url=https://rojoneswi.wixsite.com/robertjonesjdlibrary/single-post/2018/06/24/REF-36-%E2%80%9CFederal-Criminal-Docket-Here-Reorganized-to-Hasten-Trials%E2%80%9D-by-Ann-Hellmuth-The-Plain-Dealer-Cleveland-Ohio-July-1969|title=REF 36 “Federal Criminal Docket Here Reorganized to Hasten Trials” by Ann Hellmuth, The Plain Dealer, Cleveland, Ohio, July 1969.|website=Home {{!}} Robert Walter Jones J.D. Library and Archive|language=en|access-date=2019-02-27}}
49. ^{{Cite web|url=https://rojoneswi.wixsite.com/robertjonesjdlibrary/single-post/2018/06/24/REF-35-%E2%80%9CKrupansky-Names-Jones-as-Assistant%E2%80%9D-The-Plain-Dealer-Cleveland-Ohio-March-1969|title=REF 35 “Krupansky Names Jones as Assistant” The Plain Dealer, Cleveland, Ohio, March 1970.|last=|first=|date=|website=Home {{!}} Robert Walter Jones J.D. Library and Archive|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-02-27}}
50. ^{{Cite book|title=Thirteen Seconds: Confrontation at Kent.|last=Eszterhas|first=Joe|publisher=Dodd, Mead and Company|year=1970|isbn=|location=Kent State University Library Special Collections|pages=}}
51. ^{{Cite web|url=https://rojoneswi.wixsite.com/robertjonesjdlibrary/single-post/2018/06/24/37-%E2%80%9CMemorandum%E2%80%9D-by-the-Office-of-the-United-States-Attorney-for-the-Northern-District-of-Ohio-June-30-1970|title=REF 37 “Memorandum” by the Office of the United States Attorney for the Northern District of Ohio, June 30, 1970.|website=Home {{!}} Robert Walter Jones J.D. Library and Archive|language=en|access-date=2019-02-27}}
52. ^{{Cite web|url=https://rojoneswi.wixsite.com/robertjonesjdlibrary/single-post/2018/06/24/REF-39-%E2%80%9CTONY-BOYLE-CHARGED-IN-YABLONSKI-KILLING%E2%80%9D-The-Cleveland-Press-Cleveland-Ohio-September-6-1973|title=REF 39 “TONY BOYLE CHARGED IN YABLONSKI KILLING” The Cleveland Press, Cleveland, Ohio September 6, 1973.|website=Home {{!}} Robert Walter Jones J.D. Library and Archive|language=en|access-date=2019-02-27}}
53. ^{{Cite web|url=https://rojoneswi.wixsite.com/robertjonesjdlibrary/single-post/2018/06/24/REF-59-%E2%80%9CHow-to-Bungle-a-Heist--Or-Never-Send-a-Boy-To-Do-a-Man%E2%80%99s-Job%E2%80%9D-by-Jeffrey-A-Tannenbaum-The-Wall-Street-Journal-New-York-New-York-February-8-1972-AND-MULTIPLE-CASE-REPORTS|title=REF 59 “How to Bungle a Heist- Or, Never Send a Boy To Do a Man’s Job” by Jeffrey A. Tannenbaum, The Wall Street Journal, New York, New York, February 8, 1972. AND MULTIPLE CASE REPORTS.|website=Home {{!}} Robert Walter Jones J.D. Library and Archive|language=en|access-date=2019-02-27}}
54. ^{{Cite web|url=https://rojoneswi.wixsite.com/robertjonesjdlibrary/single-post/2018/06/24/REF-60-%E2%80%9CJones-Tries-for-GOP-Slate-County-Prosecutor-Aspirant-Emerges%E2%80%9D-The-Plain-Dealer-Cleveland-Ohio-January-27-1972|title=REF 60 “Jones Tries for GOP Slate: County Prosecutor Aspirant Emerges” The Plain Dealer, Cleveland, Ohio, January 27, 1972.|website=Home {{!}} Robert Walter Jones J.D. Library and Archive|language=en|access-date=2019-02-27}}
55. ^{{Cite web|url=https://rojoneswi.wixsite.com/robertjonesjdlibrary/single-post/2018/06/24/REF-65-%E2%80%9CBar-recommends-judges%E2%80%9D-The-Cleveland-Press-Cleveland-Ohio-December-20-1976|title=REF 65 “Bar recommends judges” The Cleveland Press, Cleveland, Ohio, December 20, 1976.|website=Home {{!}} Robert Walter Jones J.D. Library and Archive|language=en|access-date=2019-02-27}}
56. ^{{Cite web|url=https://rojoneswi.wixsite.com/robertjonesjdlibrary/single-post/2018/06/24/REF-68-Office-Address-%E2%80%9CLetter-to-Robert-W-Jones-Esquire-from-Edward-I-Stillman%E2%80%9D-October-23-1990|title=REF 68 Office Address “Letter to Robert W. Jones, Esquire from Edward I Stillman” October 23, 1990.|website=Home {{!}} Robert Walter Jones J.D. Library and Archive|language=en|access-date=2019-02-27}}
57. ^{{Cite web|url=https://rojoneswi.wixsite.com/robertjonesjdlibrary|title=Home {{!}} Robert Walter Jones J.D. Library and Archive|website=Home {{!}} Robert Walter Jones J.D. Library and Archive|language=en|access-date=2019-02-27}}