| 词条 | Draft:Safety Management System |
| 释义 |
Definition of Safety Management System, to a step forward Legislative Occupational & Safety Management System The occupational health and safety (OHS) management system has been recognized its importance since 20s. The society of is firstly called out “Safety First Movement” in the late 1980s (Frick and Wren, 2000:21; Hale and Hovden, 1998: 129-131; Nielsen, 2000:104-108). At the initial promoting OHS stage, people have always asked why these measures should have done. Or, these should not have implemented. The arguments are always miserable especially to those activities that involved high potential hazards. And, the disasters itself cannot be explained the cause solely on technical fault or human error. In recent years, occupational health and safety has addressed the concern with performance of management system (Frick and Wren, 2000:21; Hale and Hovden, 1998: 129-131; Nielsen, 2000:104-108). The industrialize countries in the era between 1970s to 1980s, like Europe, Canada, Australia, bring about regulatory reforms to change the safety legislative system from prescriptive manner to self-regulatory model. The self-regulatory model requires the organizations to afflux general duties, process oriented provisions, and performance oriented standards and documentation to prevail occupational risks systematically (Gunningham and Johnstone, 1999: 23-43 & 2000:125-127). The employers have to accept the responsibility to promote safety management system under this direction. Under this influence, the national governments are intending to adapt a new form of OHS regulations that make way to “self-regulatory model”. That means the new OHS regulations should have the ability to persuade the organizations to formulate safety management system with full response to OHS. If this is the future development of OHS management system, the future regulatory strategy, the core elements within management system should be a topic for discussion. Should there be differences of core elements possessed between small business company and giant? As far as most of the organizations are intending to self-initiate to handle their OHS system, Asian region such as Hong Kong’s (Safety Management) Regulation that require contractors to conduct audit in at least 10 elements. The organizations have to establish the structure that conducting elements, such as safety policy and safety committee (COPSM: section 9 and 13). A mandatory OHS management system enforce under a country’s legislative system. Other countries, such as and are having regulations to promote OHS management through “Voluntary Protection Program” and state-based Cooperative Compliance Program (Liz Bluff, 2003). The VPP program has suggested some elements like hazard prevention, training, worksite analysis to assess hazards for the organization to construct the OHS system. Those aforesaid elements will usually be adopted as the foundation of OHSM structural functions for the interested parties (Needleman, 2000: 75; OSHA, 1989). In , the legislative system of OHS call the European Union Framework Directive, that setup for the purpose of “measures to encourage the improvement of safety and health of workers at work” (European Commission, 1989; Walters and Jensen, 2000: 88; Walters, 2002). Under this Framework, the organizations have to undergo items included prevention policy, risk evaluation and preventive measures, training, health surveillance and etc. With legislative enforcing items, that can devise the establishment of the organizational OHSMS. At present, the Framework Directive is still remaining as a crucial legislative initiative that has not yet transposed into the national law of European Union (Liz Bluff, 2003). The Framework Directive is also possess core elements for formation of OHSM. In this light, we can get common feature that a country has enforced a series of core process or elements, under legislative influence, devising the initiative to the fundamental formation of national OHMS. This paper will call this as Legislative Occupational and Safety Management System (LOSMS). The LOSMS in all countries have their varieties to suit their indigenous requirement and macro-environment. However, LOSMS can be divided into two streams; they are the prescriptive and voluntary systems. General Knowledge of SMS The International Labor Organization (ILO) has estimated that there are about 2 million workers get kill, on job or job related diseases every year. The economic damages are about 4% of global gross national product (Kawakami, 2001). There are wars has to be fight to reduce occupational fatality by the governments. There are much measures has to be done no matter on both regulatory and voluntary. New national policies have to be established, especially on reviewing the safety and health legislation (Soehod & Laxman, 2007). The ILO finally has declared the utmost concern of the governments to establish clear national polices legislation and provision of routine safety inspection. Employees have to cooperate to OH&S programs (Kawakami, 2001). A general agreement on human rights, environmental protection and occupational safety and health must be a prior, to be considered in negotiation of international trade agreements (Teh, Way and Yi, 2005). This is the crucial matter to be discussed in agreement at the eighth World Congress on Occupational Safety and Health held by International Labour Organization (ILO). The organization is acting as an agency for standard setting, research, information exchange and technical advisory services provision. In this light, worldwide enterprises must also concern environmental protection and workers’ safety during business operations. The national policy today, like , and , is to promote safety management system protecting employees from injury. A new document was adopted by ILO in 2001 which is called Guideline on Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems. Both and have answer to this call by using voluntary protection program (VPP) to satisfy the ILO new OHSMS. The United Kingdom developed his own standard, BS8800 giving out guidelines for her home base organizations in order to improve safety standard to ILO level. In 1999, a well known OHSAS18001 has been adopted as foundation to development the indigenous safety system, and is one example. At the same decade, has had her mandatory SMS on the foundation of British Legislative ego, and her own developed 14 elements system. Wu has argued that safety management is a kind of human resource management system (W.H. Wu, 1999); He further explained the SMS consist of both hard and soft ingredients. Hardware can be said as the control elements, such as training program or safety organization structure. The software is behavioral safety of all level within the organization. The establishment of the hardware in the organization may devise the positive performance of the software within the organizations. Safety and Health management is mattering for all the personnel within the organization. (W.H. Wu, 1999). Gardener and Taylor (1975) has emphasized the important of work safety performance is crucial to both physical and emotional. Behavioral safety is influenced by safety culture. Safety culture can be defined as a common set of values, perceptions, attitudes and patterns of behavior which related to shared meaning on safety within the organization (Beatriz, Jose & Camilo, 2005); With the help of the elements setup(such as risk reduction program and safety policy), the safety management system can achieve accident prevention finally (Peterson, 2000). Other studies also admitted the policies or safe working programs (hardware), and practices that constituted the SMS, are precursors of how “employees’ involvement” within the organization (Dejoy et al., 2004; Hofmann, Jacobs, & Landy, 1995). Since, the safety performance is surely relying on employees properly conducting preventive measures and recommendations for environment improvement (Brown, Willis, & Prussia, 2000; Donald & Young, 1996; Eiff, 1999; O’Toole, 2002). Usage}} |
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