| 词条 | Draft:Seigniorial regime in Quebec |
| 释义 |
A mention of a seigneurial principle in the organization of land is found in the 1541 in the Commission granted by the King of France to Jean-François de La Rocque de Roberval for the exploration and exploitation of new France. The first permanent fiefs were established 16201. Under the regime The Company of New France (also called the Company of the Cent-Associates) was introduced in New France in 1627 by Cardinal Richelieu. The territory was divided into long strips perpendicular to the waterways: the seigneuries. These lands were conceded (but not given) by the king to lords, themselves tenants of land and responsible for their development (by the construction of roads and mills for the inhabitants, for example). Between 1620 and 1854, 300 seigneuries are conceded According to Dickinson and Young (2003), historians who have studied the seigneurial regime in New France do not agree on the importance to be given to it. For example, Marcel Trudel (1956) sees it as a "social system of mutual assistance, established to facilitate settlement. The work of Louise Dechêne explored the implications of the seigneurial regime for urban and rural dwellers from the seventeenth century, while more recent studies, such as those of Greer (1985) and Depatie, Lalancette and Dessureault 1987, found that much more severe form of organization, believing that it was instead a source of social inequality. They also emphasize "the power of lords to appropriate agricultural surplus. " Territorial Organization of New FranceThe lord divided his lands between the censuses (or settlers, or even inhabitants), who could then use them andbuild buildings. The inhabitants owed to the lord the payment of royalties (taxes and annuities) as well as a participation of a few days per year in chores. The seigniories were subdivided into lands of variable importance (and quality): a common area near the shore, behind which was the best land and very often the reserve of the lord; behind again, farmland given to the inhabitants. The lord had no power to impose fines and penalties (unlike the system in force in Metropolitan France), which remained within the competence of the king's intendant. The lords were not necessarily of noble descent: some were from the army, other lordships belonged directly to the Catholic clergy, some even to groups of inhabitants. If the nobles immigrated to New France, they received a seigneury. In 1663, half of the seigneuries of New France were managed by women, who could inherit the land of their husband on his death. As the system in place in France kept the marks of practices from the Middle Ages, so in New France it was to promote the establishment of colonies. The steward was the representative of the king; Jean Talon was the first of them to tread the soil of North America. He imposed on the lords to live on the lands for which they were responsible, which allowed, on the other hand, a better control of the colonists by the royal authority. The Quebec Act of 1774 retained French Romano-civil law, and thus the seigneurial system. Around 1792, the Eastern Townships region used an English land division system as an exception to the seigneurial regime. This region covered all of present-day Eastern Townships, as well as portions of Montérégie, Bois-Francs (known as Center-du-Québec), and Beauce (southern part of the Chaudière-Appalaches region). The current meaning of the term "Eastern Townships" has changed to mean a region of intermediate size between the old and the Eastern Townships, or otherwise synonymous with Estrie. The two townships created by the English at that time (the other in Ontario) where French Canadians were formerly established were intended for English immigrants and to place Loyalists flowing from the newly independent United States, while preserving the French system in the United States. Tthe French-Canadian settlement was quickly becoming cramped in the territory of the old seigneuries due to population growth. There was an exodus to the United States, from the 1830s. AbolitionIn 1854, under the impetus of politicians Louis-Hippolyte La Fontaine and George-Étienne Cartier, the Act abolishing feudal rights and duties in Lower Canada reformed the province's various seigneurial rights such as the lods and sales, replacing these by the payment of a fixed seigneurial rent. Tenures in cense become free-wandering commoners. The government of Louis-Alexandre Taschereau created in 1935 the National Union for the purchase of seigniorial rents (SNRRS), aiming to certify the books burrows in order to convert into rake capital the rents constituted the old fiefs. Temporarily, it is the municipalities that will collect these annuities, converted into municipal taxes. On November 11, 1940, that the owners of seigneurial properties perceived for the last time their seigneurial rents. From this date, some 60 000 farmers of 245 seigneuries have a maximum of 41 years to buy back the capital of constituted pensions. The last remains of the seigneurial rents thus progressively disappeared before 1981. This last phase of the abolition of the feudal system in Quebec was inspired by the same abolition in Savoie. Interpretation centresAccording to Grenier 2012, the two major interpretation centers of seigneury in Quebec can be summed up in two dichotomies: "Have the unequal and hierarchical relations characteristic of European societies evolved on the banks of the St. Lawrence River? Such is the question which has attracted the attention of a pleiad of historians since the nineteenth century. Has Quebec's seigneurial system adapted and relaxed in this "new" terroir? Has it, on the contrary, been applied with rigor? Did it really constitute a settlement tool and, consequently, a favorable factor for the evolution of the colony? Was it rather a nuisance and a burden for the inhabitants of New France and then Lower Canada? [...] Different or similar from the French model? Flexible or restrictive? Useful or parasitic? " Notes and referencesBenoît Grenier and Michel Morissette, "The persistence of seigneurial property in Quebec. The consequences of a partial and progressive abolition (1854-1970) ", History & Rural Societies, Association of History of Rural Societies (A.H.S.R.), vol. 40, No. 2, 2013, p. 61-96 ({{ISBN|9782753532922}}, read online [archive]) (registration required) - via Cairn.info Michael Lee, "Seigniorial Regime" [archive], The Canadian Encyclopedia, The Historica Foundation of Canada (accessed October 28, 2007) Dickinson and Young 2003, p. 58 Attachments Related articles lordship Seigniorial regime in Quebec Lordships and Colonization Posts of New France List of seigneuries of New France List of seigneuries of Quebec Bibliography Benoît Grenier, Country Lords of New France: seigniorial presence and rural sociability in the St. Lawrence Valley in pre-industrial times, Rennes, Rennes University Press, 2007, 409 p. (ISBN 27535 https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9gime_seigneurial_de_la_Nouvelle-France |
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