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词条 Draft:Serial expats
释义

  1. Culture

      Limited acculturation/ integration    Sense of belonging    Cultural Universalism (openness to others)    High degree of communication    High level of stress tolerance    Free choice    Risk taking    Own set of rules  

  2. Serial Expats in international business

  3. Terminology

  4. References

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Serial Expats are expatriates, with frequent international relocations.[1] They live outside their native country by choice with the possibility to return throughout the complete period of absence[2]. The duration can be from a few months to several years, but typically with the intention to move on at some point in time.

Serial Expats may be white-collar or blue-collar workers, e.g. global managers, subject matter expert, diplomats, non-governmental/ not for profit/ aid workers or work in the construction, hospitality or home-help sectors, as well as international students[2]. 

Culture

Little research has been done on the culture of serial expats.[1] Culture in terms of a shared way of life of a group of people,[1] with its cultural values, beliefs or skills is formed during childhood in the family,[1] the neighborhood, school, youth groups, workplace and the living community.[2] Changing one's living community requires an adjustment in behavior, which can result in the adjustment of the personal identity, like personal growth and changes of perception in worldview, and identity.[3] The adjustment can reach a point of no return, which is reported to set in around seven years abroad.[1]

Serial Expats can be described with following characteristics[4]:

Limited acculturation/ integration

Serial Expats are hesitant to become fully involved, establish close relationships, or to identify with the new society due to their knowledge that they will eventually leave again.[1] When serial expats get exposed to many cultures due their continues moves between countries, the disintegration (collapse of meaning system) from their initial cultural identity and the development of a global identity begins. They no longer feel particularly attached to a single culture but possess a mosaic of cultural values and beliefs that make up their cultural identity. As a consequence they become cultural nomads or cultural chameleons, not experiencing identification with any one culture.[1][13][1] Their culturally diverse social network with people from many cultures helps them adapt faster than others to new environments, and create new cross-cultural relationships.[5]

Sense of belonging

The serial expat can consciously choose between behavior sets, to fit the situation and expectations of people around,[6] feeling at ease anywhere but belonging nowhere.[7] That results in performing a role or watching a protocol, dependent where or to whom a serial expat speaks. Despite showing cultural influences of many cultures, serial expats find belonging in relationships of like-minded,[8] like other serial expats, with whom they can be themselves. They intuitively and explicitly search for international groups of people in their new social environment, e.g. through social media groups addressing these needs. Similar behaviour was found with Third Culture Kids. As a consequence (besides other motivations), serial expats tend to move to places where they are likely to find like-minded people. 

Cultural Universalism (openness to others)

Familiarity bias is a heuristic, also known as the exposure effect. Individuals prefer things they are repeatedly exposed to. Despite liking new stimuli, our mind intuitively evaluates things we have previous experience of positively, even if we have no conscious memory of these.[3] Familiarity bias usually helps with first impressions, judging people and putting them into categories. Due to their repeated exposure to otherness, Serial Expats have learned to park familiarity based reservations they might have for people from other cultures and learn more about them before judging or putting them into categories. They treat people primarily on the basis of who they are as individuals rather than their countries of origin, religion or looks. Adler explained 40 years ago, "the multicultural person is intellectually and emotionally committed to the basic unity of all human beings while at the same time recognizing, legitimizing, accepting, and appreciating the differences that exist between people of different cultures."[9]

High degree of communication

Not knowing where to find a good dentist or a clean swimming pool for the kids are challenges involved with arriving in a new place, despite internet-based map tools and searches. Within the network of serial expats, the chance that someone else has already been in this place and situation is high. Finding out who and adjusting the received information to the personal situation requires a high degree of communication across different cultural groups within the networks, leading to a high level of cross-cultural density, which helps to reinforce this feeling of interconnectedness to a global culture.[5]

The basis for communicating is typically a simplified form of English or "pidgin English".[2] It also contains expressions from various countries, e.g. "same, same, but different". Created by Thai sales people, it is used amongst serial expats to express an undesired difference in a humorous way. 

High level of stress tolerance

The uncertainty of a new job environment,[10] a new place, and a new social environment creates stress. In addition, many expats face relationship strains, a lack of close friends to confide in, uncertainty over their future, feelings of isolation or having to manage too many conflicting demand.[11] Serial expats are able to cope with these types of stresses better. The higher the number of changes, the greater their flexibility and competence for uncertainty.[1]

Free choice

High mobility and flexibility present serial expats with a greater choice of work places and positions. Studies showed that the outcomes of international careers were:

  • a higher level of career capital (strong self-confidence and reliance on own capabilities),
  • a global job market perspective (broader pool of possible employers) and
  • internal career motivation (interesting work responsibilities and personal goals, being in charge of own career)[12]

Today's global managers are taking more and more control of the development paths they choose, instead of following the traditional hierarchical path within one organization.[13]

Risk taking

Risk taking can be defined as choosing a gamble when a safe option is available. Moving from one country to another carries enormous risks, with the potential of failure, both economically and socially.[14] Serial Expats are ready to take such risks, over and over. Instead of staying in their home country (safe option), they decide to explore the world and choose uncertain outcomes.

Own set of rules

The exposure of serial expats to various cultural, political and religious environments makes serial expats develop their own set of rules by which to live. This is essentially a mixture of the rules established during childhood,[1] with adjustments made from learning about the advantages and disadvantages of other environments.[15] 

Serial Expats in international business

Certain characteristics shared by serial expats, like being able to shift between cultural situations, choosing the appropriate behaviors, appreciation of diversity,[8] as well as the willingness and capacity to confront complexity and change[15] are highly anticipated by employers.

Traditional search and hiring of expatriates and serial expats was in countries with good passports and good education by multinational corporations, to send employees from a typically developed country abroad.[16] A good passport makes it easy to obtain (working) visas and allows more options in terms of working locations.[34] According to the QNI Index (Quality of Nationality Index) the top five countries having good passports are: Germany, France, Denmark, Iceland, Sweden and Norway. A recent study shows that also citizens of countries with a low QNI Index and a low level of tertiary education are increasingly becoming serial expats.[4]

Cosmopolitan capital, which stands for educational degrees, language skills and international experiences equips individuals to better navigate the world geographically, socially and culturally.[17] Igarashi and Saito go even further, claiming that it is not only the degree that is relevant, but also whether the educational institution promoted cosmopolitanism and competencies desirable for people living in a global world, e.g. international versus local school.[37]

Suurati and Mäkelä's studies showed that the outcomes of international careers were:

  • a higher level of career capital: strong self-confidence and reliance on own capabilities,
  • a global job market perspective: broader pool of possible employers and
  • internal career motivation: interesting work responsibilities and personal goals, being in charge of own career.[18]

Banai and Wes stress that today’s global managers are taking control of the path they choose with self development viewed as progression.[13]

Terminology

The term serial expat is used amongst serial expats and was also used by HSBCs Expat Explorer,[19] with 43% of the participants being serial expats. Terms that have a similar or overlapping meaning:

TermDefinitionDefined by
CosmopolitanAn orientation of openness to foreign people and cultures.Igarashi & Saito,[20] Hyun-Jung Lee[21]
(Cultural) ChameleonContextual selves or identities (depending on social relation)Ossmann,[22] Trąbka[23]
Cultural nomadSomeone that has experienced many cultural contexts. They have a higher probability of de-identification with the home country culture.McPhail, Fisher, Harvey & Moeller[24]
Dwellers Lead expatriate lifestyles connected to their careers and set down roots in new places where they might stay for several years.Jansson[17]
Global CosmopolitanElite global workforce: highly educated, multilingual people that have lived, worked and studied for extensive periods in different.Brimm[15]
Global nomadPeople who are living a mobile and international lifestyle. Global nomads aim to live location-independently, seeking detachment from particular geographical locations and the idea of territorial belonging.Richards & Wilson[25]
GlopatriateProfessional expatriate (minimum 7 to 10 years' experience) who is committed to remaining overseas on assignments but is not committed to staying with one organization with strong transformational competencies. They remain committed to an employer if their needs are met but will seek alternatives if levels of responsibility, autonomy or challenge are lacking. Typically, a glopatriate would remain on overseas assignments indefinitely hence the concept of having "gone global."McPhail, Fisher, Harvey & Moeller[24]
Multicultural personA person whose essential identity is inclusive of different life patterns and who has psychologically and socially come to grips with a multiplicity of realities. The person embodies a core process of self-verification that is grounded in both the universality of the human condition and the diversity of cultural forms.Adler[26]
Propatriate managerProfessional expatriate (minimum 7 to 10 years' experience) who is committed to remaining within their parent company's employ and is linked to input, managerial and transformational competencies.McPhail, Fisher, Harvey & Moeller[24]
SojournerSpends shorter or longer periods in other countries because of, for example, professional projects or tourism-related seasonal activities.Igarashi & Saito[20]
Third culture adult  Those who go overseas for the first time after growing up in the traditional "monocultural" environment of their passport culture.Pollock & Reken[27]
Transnational knowledge worker  Serially migrating career professionals who have spent extended periods of time in at least three countries, usually as a result of following career opportunities.Colic-Peisker[28]

Migrants are also becoming more mobile, relocating more than once in a lifetime and becoming serial migrants.[22] The border between serial expats and serial migrants is getting blurred.

References

1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{Cite book|title=Cross-Cultural Psychology: Research and Applications|last=Berry|first=John W.|last2=Poortinga|first2=Ype H.|last3=Breugelmans|first3=Seger M.|last4=Chasiotis|first4=Athanasios|last5=Sam|first5=David L.|date=2011-03-28|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521745208|edition=3|location=Cambridge|language=English}}
2. ^1 {{Cite book|title=Cultures and Organizations - Software of the Mind: Intercultural Cooperation and Its Importance for Survival|last=Hofstede|first=Geert|last2=Hofstede|first2=Gert Jan|last3=Minkov|first3=Michael|date=2010-05-03|publisher=Mcgraw-Hill Education Ltd|isbn=9780071664189|edition=3., revised|location=New York|language=Englisch}}
3. ^1 {{Cite book|title=The Intercultural Mind: Connecting Culture, Cognition, and Global Living|last=Shaules|first=Joseph|date=2015-01-20|publisher=Nicholas Brealey|isbn=9781941176009|location=Boston, MA|language=English}}
4. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://www.binschedler.com/2017/06/culture-serial-expat/|title=The culture of serial expats {{!}} binschedler.com|website=www.binschedler.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-11-29}}
5. ^1 {{Cite journal|last=Mao|first=Jina|last2=Shen|first2=Yan|date=2015-03-31|title=Cultural identity change in expatriates: A social network perspective|journal=Human Relations|language=en|volume=68|issue=10|pages=1533–1556|doi=10.1177/0018726714561699}}
6. ^{{Cite journal|last=Ossman|first=Susan|date=2004-10-01|title=Studies in Serial Migration|journal=International Migration|language=en|volume=42|issue=4|pages=111–121|doi=10.1111/j.0020-7985.2004.00297.x|issn=1468-2435}}
7. ^{{Cite journal|last=Osland|first=Joyce S.|date=2000-06-01|title=The journey inward: Expatriate hero tales and paradoxes|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/1099-050X(200022/23)39:2/33.0.CO;2-R/abstract|journal=Human Resource Management|language=en|volume=39|issue=2–3|pages=227–238|doi=10.1002/1099-050X(200022/23)39:2/33.0.CO;2-R|issn=1099-050X|doi-broken-date=2019-03-24}}
8. ^1 {{Cite book|url=https://he.palgrave.com/page/detail/Global-Leadership-Practices/?K=9781137350008|title=Global Leadership Practices|language=en}}
9. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.mediate.com/articles/adler3.cfm|title=Beyond Cultural Identity: Reflections on Multiculturalism|website=www.mediate.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-11-29}}
10. ^{{Cite journal|last=Forster|first=Nick|date=1997-01-01|title='The persistent myth of high expatriate failure rates': a reappraisal|journal=The International Journal of Human Resource Management|volume=8|issue=4|pages=414–433|doi=10.1080/095851997341531|issn=0958-5192}}
11. ^{{Cite journal|last=Brown|first=Robert J.|date=2008-06-01|title=Dominant stressors on expatriate couples during international assignments|journal=The International Journal of Human Resource Management|volume=19|issue=6|pages=1018–1034|doi=10.1080/09585190802051303|issn=0958-5192}}
12. ^{{Cite journal|last=Vesa Suutari|last2=Kristiina Mäkelä|date=2007-09-25|title=The career capital of managers with global careers|journal=Journal of Managerial Psychology|volume=22|issue=7|pages=628–648|doi=10.1108/02683940710820073|issn=0268-3946}}
13. ^1 {{Cite journal|last=Banai|first=Moshe|last2=Harry|first2=Wes|date=2004|title=Boundaryless Global Careers: The International Itinerants|journal=International Studies of Management & Organization|volume=34|issue=3|pages=96–120|jstor=40397602|doi=10.1080/00208825.2004.11043705}}
14. ^{{Cite book|title=Understanding Lifestyle Migration {{!}} SpringerLink|language=en-gb|doi=10.1057/9781137328670|year = 2014|isbn = 978-1-349-46045-8|last1 = Benson|first1 = M.|last2=Osbaldiston|first2=N.}}
15. ^1 2 {{Cite book|url=https://www.amazon.de/Global-Cosmopolitans-Creative-Difference-Business-ebook/dp/B004L2KTGI/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1515672557&sr=8-1&keywords=the+global+cosmopolitan|title=Global Cosmopolitans: The Creative Edge of Difference|last=Brimm|first=L.|date=2010-09-17|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|edition=2010|language=Englisch}}
16. ^{{Cite journal|last=Brewster|first=Chris|last2=Bonache|first2=Jaime|last3=Cerdin|first3=Jean-Luc|last4=Suutari|first4=Vesa|date=2014-08-06|title=Exploring expatriate outcomes|journal=The International Journal of Human Resource Management|volume=25|issue=14|pages=1921–1937|doi=10.1080/09585192.2013.870284|issn=0958-5192}}
17. ^1 {{Cite journal|last=Jansson|first=André|date=2016-02-27|title=Mobile elites: Understanding the ambiguous lifeworlds of Sojourners, Dwellers and Homecomers|journal=European Journal of Cultural Studies|language=en|volume=19|issue=5|pages=421–434|doi=10.1177/1367549416631555}}
18. ^{{Cite journal|last=Suutari|first=Vesa|last2=Mäkelä|first2=Kristiina|title=The career capital of managers with global careers|journal= Journal of Managerial Psychology|volume=22|issue=7|pages=628–648|doi=10.1108/02683940710820073|year=2007}}
19. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.expatexplorer.hsbc.com/|title=Expat Explorer|last=|first=|date=|website=HSBC Expat Explorer|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=15 November 2017}}
20. ^1 2 {{Cite journal|last=Igarashi|first=Hiroki|last2=Saito|first2=Hiro|date=2014-03-24|title=Cosmopolitanism as Cultural Capital: Exploring the Intersection of Globalization, Education and Stratification|journal=Cultural Sociology|language=en|volume=8|issue=3|pages=222–239|doi=10.1177/1749975514523935}}
21. ^{{Cite book|title=Wiley Encyclopedia of Management|pages = 1–2|last=Lee|first=Hyun-Jung|date=2015|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd|isbn=9781118785317|language=en|doi=10.1002/9781118785317.weom060210|chapter = Cosmopolitanism}}
22. ^1 2 {{Cite web|url=http://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=18248|title=Moving Matters: Paths of Serial Migration {{!}} Susan Ossman|last=Press|first=Stanford University|website=www.sup.org|language=en|access-date=2017-11-15}}
23. ^{{Cite journal|last=Agnieszka|first=Trąbka|date=2014|title=Being Chameleon: The influence of multiple migration in childhood on identity construction|url=http://cejsh.icm.edu.pl/cejsh/element/bwmeta1.element.desklight-cf8462a9-e1a2-4aab-a435-3b0a21f9428a|journal=Studia Migracyjne - Przeglad Polonijny|language=EN|volume=40|issue=3(153)|pages=|issn=0137-303X|via=}}
24. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{Cite journal|last=McPhail|first=Ruth|last2=Fisher|first2=Ron|last3=Harvey|first3=Michael|last4=Moeller|first4=Miriam|date=2012-06-01|title=Staffing the global organization: "Cultural nomads"|journal=Human Resource Development Quarterly|language=en|volume=23|issue=2|pages=259–276|doi=10.1002/hrdq.21133|issn=1532-1096}}
25. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.multilingual-matters.com/display.asp?K=9781873150788|title=The Global Nomad by Greg Richards, Julie Wilson - Multilingual Matters {{!}} Channel View Publications|website=www.multilingual-matters.com|language=en|access-date=2017-11-15}}
26. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.mediate.com/articles/adler3.cfm|title=Beyond Cultural Identity: Reflections on Multiculturalism|website=www.mediate.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-11-15}}
27. ^{{Cite book|title=Third Culture Kids: Growing Up Among Worlds, Revised Edition|last=Pollock|first=David C.|last2=Reken|first2=Ruth E. Van|date=2009-09-16|publisher=Nicholas Brealey America|isbn=9781857885255|edition=2|location=Boston|language=English}}
28. ^1 {{Cite journal|last=Colic-Peisker|first=Val|date=2010-10-01|title=Free floating in the cosmopolis? Exploring the identity-belonging of transnational knowledge workers|journal=Global Networks|language=en|volume=10|issue=4|pages=467–488|doi=10.1111/j.1471-0374.2010.00298.x|issn=1471-0374}}
{{Dual|source=binschedler.com|sourcepath=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207061346/http://www.binschedler.com/2017/06/culture-serial-expat/|sourcearticle=The culture of serial expats|date=7 February 2019|author(s)=Kaethe Binschedler Steffens}}
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