“Álvaro Uribe”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Álvaro Uribe Vélez (born 4 July 1952) is a Colombian politician who served as the 57st President of Colombia from 7 August 2002 to 7 August 2010.

Uribe studied law. Álvaro Uribe focused his political career and became a member of the political party Partido Centro Democrático. In 1993 he attended Harvard University, receiving a Certificate of Special Studies in Administration and Management at Harvard Extension School and Certificate in Negotiation and Dispute Resolution at Harvard Law School. Between 1998 and 1999, he studied at St Antony's College, Oxford, England, on a Chevening-Simón Bolívar scholarship and was appointed Senior Associate Member at St Antony's College.

Uribe started his political career in his home department of Antioquia. He has held office in the Empresas Públicas de Medellín and in the Ministry of Labor and was the director of the Special Administrative Unit of Civil Aeronautics (1980–1982). He was named Mayor of Medellín in October 1982 by Belisario Betancur. However, he was discharged of his function in February 1983, five months after his appointment, by Président Betancur for his alleged collaboration with drug traffickers.^[1] He was Senator between 1986 and 1994 and finally Governor of Antioquia between 1995 and 1997 before he was elected President of Colombia in 2002. Following his 2002 election, Uribe led successful campaigns against the FARC and the ELN. On 13 January 2009 the United States awarded President Uribe the Presidential Medal of Freedom. However, the war was accompanied by large-scale exactions: thousands of civilians were killed by the Colombian army (see "False positives" scandal) with almost total impunity, according to the United Nations.^[2] and millions of people have been victims of forced displacement.^[3]

In an official document of the Defense Intelligence Agency, dated 1991, Álvaro Uribe appears at number 82 of a list containing the names of the most important drug dealers in Colombia. Uribe is described there as a collaborator of the Medellín Cartel and intimate friend of Pablo Escobar; he is also accused of possessing financial interests in companies engaged in drug trafficking and would have assisted the cartel with regard to extradition laws.^[4]^[5] Recently released diplomatic cables show that a Colombian senator told the U.S. Embassy in 1993 that the founders of the Medellín Cartel financed Uribe's senate election campaign.^[6]

In August 2010 he was appointed Vice-chairman of the UN panel investigating the Gaza flotilla raid.^[7] In 2012 Uribe and a group of political allies founded the Democratic Center movement to contest the 2014 national elections.^[8] He was elected senator in the 2014 parliamentary election and took office in July 2014. Uribe was critical of his successor Juan Manuel Santos's peace-talks with the FARC guerillas.^[9]

Early life and education

Álvaro Uribe was born in Medellín, the oldest of five children. His father, Alberto Uribe, was a landowner. At the age of 10 his family left their Salgar ranch and moved to Medellín. He graduated in 1970 from the Colegio Jorge Robledo. His academic performance exempted him from all final exams during the last two years of school.^[10]

Uribe studied Law at the University of Antioquia and he graduated in 1977. Uribe's father was killed by a guerrilla group during a 1983 kidnapping attempt.^[10]'^[11]^[12]^[13] After his father's death, Álvaro Uribe focused his political career and became a member of the center-left Colombian Liberal Party. He served on the Medellín city council between 1984 and 1986.

In 1993 he attended Harvard Extension School, receiving a Certificate of Special Studies in Administration and Management and Certificate in Negotiation and Dispute Resolution at Harvard Law School.^[14] Between 1998 and 1999, after having completed his term in office as the governor of Antioquia, he studied at St Antony's College, Oxford, England, on a Chevening-Simón Bolívar scholarship^[15] and was appointed Senior Associate Member at St Antony's College.^[16]

He is married to Lina María Moreno Mejía and has two sons, Tomás Uribe and Jerónimo Uribe.

Political career

In 1976 Uribe was Chief of Assets for the Public Enterprises of Medellín (Empresas Públicas de Medellín).^[10] He served as Secretary General of the Ministry of Labor under Alfonso López Michelsen from 1977 to 1978.^[10] During this time he married Lina Moreno, a philosopher from Medellín{{Citation needed|date=March 2009}}. President Julio César Turbay named him Director of Civil Aviation from 1980 to 1982.^[10] He left this position to become Mayor of Medellín in 1982^[10] serving for five months{{Citation needed|date=March 2009}}.

Senator of Colombia

Uribe was elected one of Antioquia's senators from 1986 to 1990 and again from 1990 to 1994. As senator, he served as president of the Seventh Commission and he supported laws dealing with reform of pensions, labor and social security, as well as promotion of administrative careers, cooperative banking, black sugar, and protection for women. Some of the legislation later drew criticism, in particular that which reduced the state's responsibility for social security. During his later term he received official and unofficial awards as one of the "best senators" (1990, 1992 and 1993) and as the senator with the "best legislative initiatives" (1992).^[17]

Governor of Antioquia

He was elected governor of the department of Antioquia for the 1995 to 1997 term. During his term, Uribe has put in practice what he has termed the model for a communitarian state, where in theory citizens would participate in the administration's decision making. It was claimed that this model would help improve employment, education, administrative transparency and public security.

According to statistics provided by the governor's office and contemporary analysts, his governorship would reduce bureaucracy, create places for school students, strengthen the infrastructure, and the kidnapping rate fell dramatically. It is claimed that 1,200,000 poor people entered the subsidized health system.{{Citation needed|date=August 2007}}

Within his jurisdiction, Governor Uribe openly supported a national program of licensed private security services^[18] that became known as CONVIVIR, which had been created by Decree 356 issued by the Colombian Defense Ministry in February 1994.^[18]^[19] The groups quickly became controversial – while some reportedly improved security in communities and intelligence coordination with the military, their members were accused of abusing civilians and operated without serious oversight. In 1998, Human Rights Watch stated: "we have received credible information that indicated that the CONVIVIR groups of the Middle Magdalena and of the southern Cesar regions were directed by known paramilitaries and had threatened to assassinate Colombians that were considered as guerrilla sympathizers or which rejected joining the cooperative groups".^[20]^[21]

2002 presidential election

Uribe ran as an independent liberal candidate, having unofficially separated from his former party. His electoral platform centered on confronting Colombia's main guerrilla movement, the FARC. Other relevant propositions included slashing the national administration's expenses, fighting corruption and initiating a national referendum to resolve several of the country's political and economic concerns.

Colombia's government under president Andres Pastrana was undergoing peace negotiations with the largest guerrilla group, the FARC. but after four years of peace negotiations without cease fires, disapproval of Colombia's main parties grew. Violence was rampant. The FARC had, as they claimed, taken control of some 100 municipalities of Colombia out of 1093 at that moment, kidnappings were common and were among the highest in the world, as well as the assassination and crime rate. AUC was also gaining influence and expanding its massacres, and illicit drugs production, competing with FARC and ELN and other narcotraffickers.

Until at least 2001, polls showed that at most 2% of the electorate contemplated voting for Uribe and that the Liberal Party's Horacio Serpa would probably win. But public mood shifted in his favor after the peace process with the guerrillas degenerated. The administration of President Andrés Pastrana had failed for four years to secure a ceasefire, and Álvaro Uribe began to be seen as the candidate who may provide a viable security program. Former General Harold Bedoya, a candidate with a superficially similar program, remained marginalized.

Uribe was elected President of Colombia in the first round of 26 May 2002 elections with 53% of the popular vote. His running mate was Francisco Santos Calderón, a member of the Santos family, who have a long-lasting tradition as members of the Colombian Liberal Party and as owners of Colombian daily newspaper El Tiempo. Santos was also one of the founders of the anti-kidnapping NGO Fundación País Libre, created shortly after his own experience as a hostage of drug lord Pablo Escobar.

Observers considered the elections mostly free of foul play at the national level, but there were instances of active intimidation of voters and candidates, by the actions of guerrilla and paramilitary groups. 47% of the potential electorate voted, down from the previous round of voting.

Some of Uribe's opponents made accusations during his campaign, especially in a speech by Horacio Serpa and a book published by Newsweek's Joseph Contreras, who interviewed Uribe that year. Claims centered on Uribe's alleged past personal relationships with members of the Medellín Cartel and the sympathy that some paramilitary spokesmen expressed towards Uribe as a candidate. Uribe and his supporters denied or undermined these claims, and critics never committed to legal action because there was no evidence for these claims.

Presidency (2002–2010)

Polls consistently showed an unprecedented support for President Uribe by many Colombians, estimated at around 70% after his second year in office.^[22] Support is widespread, but highest among medium and higher income Colombians. Uribe's relative popularity is largely attributed to his administration's successful campaigns against the FARC and the ELN, and in part to the efforts to begin demobilizing the paramilitaries (United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia). Also, analysts point out that Uribe is seen as a charismatic 24-hour workaholic and a promoter of personal and administrative austerity, which some interpret as a role model for other Colombians and politicians.

Sympathizers consider that Uribe had achieved significant results in the fight against illegal armed groups, allowing civilian traffic to return to many roads abandoned during the 1990s. They believe he has tried to implement macroeconomic measures to stimulate internal commerce, growth and reduce unemployment, although he has not passed important bills such as a structural tax reform. However, after his term was over, his closer advisors, among which: his personal secretary, two ministers, among others, were either in prison or pursued by justice as a consequence of illegal activities, and former president is currently being investigated for several issues.

Cabinet

Internal conflict

During his tenure, Uribe's declared priority was to contain or defeat the three main armed groups in Colombia, the United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (AUC),{{Citation needed|date=August 2013}} National Liberation Army (ELN), and FARC. And by the end of his first term in office the AUC had other right-wing militias agreed to disarm and go to jail under special sentences of seven years.^[23]

Uribe stated that the government had to first show military superiority in order to eventually make the guerrillas return to the negotiating table with a more flexible position, even if this would only happen after his term in office expired. Early in his government, he was quoted as saying that Colombia's main concerns were the challenges of terrorism and the narcotics trade.^[24] In a dialog with BBC's Talking Point, Uribe stated: "Of course we need to eliminate social injustice in Colombia but what is first? Peace. Without peace, there is no investment. Without investment, there are no fiscal resources for the government to invest in the welfare of the people."^[25]

In early 2002, Uribe's administration decreed a one-time tax of 1.2% of the liquid assets of the higher income Colombians and corporations, with the goal of raising US $800 million. More than $650 million was collected before the final payment quota was made, surpassing original expectations. Another goal was to increase defense expenditures from a current level of about 3.6% of GDP to 6% of GDP by 2006.^[26]

According to official government statistical information from August 2004, in two years, homicides, kidnappings, and terrorist attacks in Colombia decreased by as much as 50% – their lowest levels in almost 20 years. In 2003, there were 7,000 fewer homicides than in 2002 – a decrease of 27%. By April 2004, the government had established a permanent police or military presence in every Colombian municipality for the first time in decades.^[27]

The Colombian Embassy in Washington states that, as a result of this policy, the Colombian armed forces would now have: "60% more combat ready soldiers than four years ago; Helicopters which have significantly improved the mobility of Armed Forces throughout the national territory; Attack helicopters ensuring means to be more aggressive in the fight against FARC and AUC; Increased basic combat supplies, including rifles and ammunition; and [has received] significant less human rights complaints against them."^[26]

In January 2005, Human Rights Watch stated: "Paramilitary groups maintain close ties with a number of Colombian military units. The Uribe administration has yet to take effective action to break these ties by investigating and prosecuting high-ranking members of the armed forces credibly alleged to have collaborated with paramilitary groups. Credible reports indicate that some of the territories from which the military has ejected the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (Fuerzas Armadas Revolutionarias de Colombia, FARC) are now under the control of paramilitary groups, which continue to carry out indiscriminate attacks on the civilian population."^[28]

A February 2005 report by the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the year 2004 stated: "Achievements and advances were observed in the field of human rights and international humanitarian law; however, there were also difficulties and contradictions. ... Progress was recorded in terms of prevention and protection, including strengthening of the mechanism of community defenders and the early warning system, as well as regarding the Ministry of the Interior's programs for the protection of vulnerable groups. Weaknesses persisted in the Government's responses to warnings, as well as in decreasing risk factors for vulnerable groups. The Government adopted positive measures regarding the destruction of stored anti-personnel mines. The armed forces occasionally carried out operations in which they failed to observe humanitarian principles."^[29]

An anti-terror statute criticized by many human rights groups was approved by Congress on 11 December 2003 but was struck down in August 2004 by the Colombian Constitutional Court during its review. The statute granted the military judicial police rights and allowed limited arrests and communication intercepts without warrants. It was struck down due to an error in the approval procedure, an objection the court has also presented towards other bills.^[30]

After some of the AUC's main leaders had declared a cease-fire and agreed to concentrate in Santa Fe de Ralito, several paramilitary demobilizations began in earnest, thousands of their "rank and file" fighters were disarmed and incorporated into government rehabilitation programs late in 2004. The main AUC leaders, who would be held responsible for atrocities, remained in the concentration zone and continued talks with the government's High Commissioner for Peace, Luis Carlos Restrepo. A number of the paramilitary members who initially demobilized in Medellín apparently did not actually belong to the AUC and this caused public concern. The AUC commanders claimed, as the year ended, that they had difficulties controlling all of their personnel from their isolated position, that they had already demobilized some 20% of their forces, and that they would await for the drafting of the necessary legal framework before making any more significant moves.

In 2005 President Uribe and Colombia's congressmen prepared for the elections held in May and March 2006 respectively.

FARC, which some had been perceived as relatively passive, in February began to show signs of what analysts considered renewed vigor. It made a series of attacks against small military units, which left at least three dozen casualties. Uribe said in a speech that FARC remained strong and had never retreated, and he credited Colombia's soldiers for previous successes against FARC activities.

Negotiations with the AUC also increased public anxiety. Discussions continued about the legal provisions to assure "justice, reparation and truth" after a full demobilization. Also according to many observers, paramilitary activity continued despite AUC's declared cease-fire, albeit at a reduced rate. The demobilizations were renewed in November and finished in the complete disbandment of the group by middle February 2007, although some of the paramilitary units rejected disbandment and returned to criminal activity. These groups became known as the Black Eagles. This group is relatively small in comparison to the AUC and have not been able to achieve the notoriety or the military power of their predecessor, but are present on some former paramilitary areas, like Catatumbo and Choco.^[31]

The Colombian Congress agreed to prosecute AUC leaders under the controversial Justice and Peace Law, by which the paramilitary leaders would receive reduced sentences in exchange for their testimony and declarations of their entire criminal activity: links with drug dealers, assassinations, disappearances and massacres.^[32] These declarations are to be brought before a specialized judge, in a public hearing attended by the victims. The paramilitary leaders are also forced to "repair" the damage caused to the victims or their families: By disclosing the location of mass graves and by repaying each of them through economic assistance. As of 2008, these public hearings are still under way.

To improve its results in the fight against guerilla warfare, the Colombian army carried out mass executions of civilians transformed into false positives. If exactions of this kind already existed, the phenomenon became widespread from 2002, encouraged by the bonuses paid to the soldiers and by quasi-absolute impunity.^[33]^[34] In 2010 a mass grave containing 2,000 corpses was discovered near a military base in the department of Meta. This is the largest mass grave discovered to date in South America.^[35]

In 2008, the Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances of the United Nation's Human Rights Council criticised the continuation of forced disappearances in Colombia.^[36]

According to the CODHES human rights NGO, forced displacement during Uribe's term affected over 2.4 million Colombian nationals by the end of 2009. A spokesperson for the organization stated: "It's true that there have been advances for some segments of society, but not for everyone, which casts into doubt the democratic component of (the government's) security policy.".^[37] From 2000 to 2008, more that 130.000 Colombian nationals fled to Ecuador.^[38] According to the International Displacement Monitoring Centre, an estimated total of 3.303.979 to 4.915.579 people have been internally displaced in Colombia.^[39]

Colombian parapolitics scandal

In November 2006, a political crisis emerged as several of Uribe's congressional supporters were questioned or charged by the Colombian Supreme Court and the office of the Attorney General for having alleged links to paramilitary groups. Álvaro Araújo, brother of Uribe's Foreign Minister María Consuelo Araújo, was among those summoned for questioning.^[40] In November, the former ambassador to Chile, Salvador Arana, was charged with the murder of a mayor in a small town in the Department of Sucre.^[41] The Supreme Court sentenced Arana to 40 years in prison in December 2009.^[42]

In April 2007, Senator Gustavo Petro made several accusations against President Uribe during a televised congressional debate about paramilitarism in Antioquia. Petro said that some of the Uribe family's farms in the north of the country had been previously used as staging grounds for paramilitary forces. He also showed a picture of Santiago Uribe, the President's brother, together with Fabio Ochoa, a drug dealer, in 1985. Petro also argued that Governor Uribe's office allowed paramilitary personnel to participate in some of the legal cooperative neighborhood watch groups known as CONVIVIR. Another accusation concerned the possible participation of a helicopter belonging to the former Antioquia Governor's administration during a paramilitary massacre.^[43]

Two days later, President Uribe publicly revealed that former US Vice President Al Gore had canceled his participation in a pro-environment event Uribe was to attend in Miami due to the continuing allegations against him. The Colombian President reacted by organizing a press conference during which he addressed several of the accusations Senator Petro and others had made against him. Uribe argued that his family had nothing to do with any massacres and that they had already sold the implicated farms several years before the alleged events. He also stated that the Uribes and the Ochoas were both famous in the horse breeding business, causing their meetings to be both common and public. He claimed that the helicopter's hours and missions had been strictly logged, making it impossible for it to have participated in any massacre. Uribe said that he supported the CONVIVIR groups but was not solely responsible for their creation, adding that other civilian and military authorities also participated in their oversight. He also said that he dismantled some CONVIVIR groups when doubts began to surround their activities.^[43]^[44]

On 22 April 2008, former senator Mario Uribe Escobar, one of the Colombian President's cousins and a close political ally, was arrested after being denied asylum at the Costa Rican embassy in Bogotá, as part of a judicial inquiry into the links between politicians and paramilitary groups. Mario Uribe has been accused of meeting with paramilitary commander Salvatore Mancuso in order to plan land seizures.^[45] On 22 February 2011, Uribe Escobar was convicted and sentenced to 90 months in jail after the Colombian Supreme Court found him guilty of the charge of conspiring with paramilitary groups.^[46]

On 23 April 2008, President Uribe revealed that a former paramilitary fighter had accused him of helping to plan the 1997 massacre of El Aro, a charge which he said was under official investigation. Uribe described the accuser as a "disgruntled convict with an axe to grind", denied the charges and said there was proof of his innocence.^[47] The Colombian newsweekly Revista Semana reported that the paramilitary in question, Francisco Enrique Villalba Hernández, had not mentioned Uribe during previous declarations made more than five years ago, when he was sentenced for his own role in the massacre. The magazine also listed a number of possible inconsistencies in his most recent testimony, including the alleged presence of General Manosalva, who had died months before the date of the meeting where the massacre was planned.^[48]

Wiretapping scandal

In May 2009 Colombian prosecutors officially began an investigation on a series of illegal wiretapping and spying activities carried out against opposition politicians, judges, journalists and others by the Department of Administrative Security (DAS).^[58] The probe has involved several of President Uribe's top aides and former high-ranking personnel within the department.^[49]

Former DAS counterintelligence director Jorge Alberto Lagos has told investigators that information on the country's Supreme Court judges was provided to Bernardo Moreno and José Obdulio Gaviria, two of Uribe's aides.^[49] Gaviria has claimed that criminals have tried to damage the government's image as part of a "political war" against the administration.^[49] El Tiempo has criticized these explanations, raising questions about the President's knowledge of these activities.^[49] Uribe himself has denied ordering any illegal wiretapping and claims that those responsible for spying on the opposition are part of "a mafia group that hurts the Colombian Democracy, freedom, the country and the government itself."^[50]

The DAS, an "intelligence service that answers to the president" as described by the Washington Post,^[49] has been the subject of earlier controversies during the Uribe administration. According to Revista Semana, revelations about the infiltration of paramilitaries affected the entity under former DAS chief Jorge Noguera in 2007 and further accusations have continued to surface.^[51] The magazine reported that information gathered by the DAS has been allegedly forwarded to paramilitaries, narcotraffickers and guerrillas.^[51]

Previously, former DAS computer systems chief Rafael García had claimed that the department and Colombian paramilitaries were involved in a plan to assassinate Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez.^[52]

According Reporters Without Borders, Colombia was demoted from 114th to 145th place between 2002 and 2010 on freedom of the press.

International relations

President Uribe's concrete actions tend to show him as a staunch enemy of narcotics trafficking, as his administration has been responsible for arresting and extraditing more drug traffickers to the United States and to other countries than all other presidents to date. He has been publicly recognized as a supporter of the US war on drugs by continually implementing the anti-drug strategy of Plan Colombia.

He is also recognized as a supporter of the US war on terror, and the invasion of Iraq. In January 2003, President Uribe ended a radio interview by asking "why isn't there any thought of [making] an equivalent deployment [as in the invasion of Iraq] to put an end to this problem [the Colombian conflict], which has such potentially grave consequences?".^[53]

In a 22 November visit to the coastal city of Cartagena, US President George W. Bush stood by the results of President Uribe's security policies and declared he would continue to provide Plan Colombia aid in the future: "My nation will continue to help Colombia prevail in this vital struggle. Since the year 2000, when we began Plan Colombia, the United States has provided more than $3 billion in vital aid. We'll continue providing aid. We've helped Colombia to strengthen its democracy, to combat drug production, to create a more transparent and effective judicial system, to increase the size and professionalism of its military and police forces, to protect human rights, and to reduce corruption. Mr. President, you and your government have not let us down. Plan Colombia enjoys wide bipartisan support in my country, and next year I will ask our Congress to renew its support so that this courageous nation can win its war against narco-terrorists."^[54]

The Uribe administration has maintained generally positive diplomatic relations with Spain and most Latin American nations. It signed several accords, including one in 2004 for the joint construction of a pipeline with Venezuela, a security and anti-drug trafficking cooperation deal with Paraguay in 2005, a commercial and technological cooperation agreement with Bolivia in 2004,^[55] a defense agreement with Spain (which was modified in 2004 but still remained valid),^[56] and economic and cultural agreements with the People's Republic of China in April 2005.^[57]

Several analysts consider that, being an ally of the USA, Uribe would be ideologically opposed to left wing governments in Latin America and elsewhere. Yet, Uribe has participated in multilateral meetings and has held bilateral summits with presidents Hugo Chávez, Martín Torrijos, Lula da Silva, Ricardo Lagos, and Carlos Mesa, among others. Colombia has also maintained diplomatic relations with Cuba and the People's Republic of China.

There have been some diplomatic incidents and crises with Venezuela during his term, in particular around the 2005 Rodrigo Granda affair, Colombia's frustrated 2004 acquisition of 46 AMX-30 tanks from Spain, and an Alleged planned Venezuelan coup in 2004 by Colombian paramilitaries. These internationally worrying circumstances have been ultimately resolved through the use of official diplomatic channels and bilateral presidential summits (in the first two cases).

International law enforcement cooperation has been maintained with countries such as the USA, Spain, the United Kingdom, México, Ecuador, Venezuela, Peru, Panama, Paraguay, Honduras and Brazil among others.

Uribe's government, along with Peru and Ecuador, negotiated and (with Peru) signed a free trade agreement with the US. On 30 December 2005, President Uribe signed a free trade agreement (FTA) with Mercosur and gives Colombian products preferential access to the market of 230 million people. Trade negotiations have also been underway with Mexico, Chile, the Andean community and the USA over its current proposal.

After the 2009 Honduran election Uribe joined a list of leaders that are supporting the next government following the coup d'état. "Colombia recognizes the next government", Uribe told reporters during an Ibero-American summit in Portugal on 30 November 2009. "A democratic process has taken place in Honduras with high participation, without fraud."^[58]

In 2009, bilateral negotiations between the United States and Colombia which would give U.S. forces increased access to several Colombian military bases for the stated purpose of fighting terrorism and the drug trade generated controversy throughout the region. Venezuela's Hugo Chávez criticized the proposed deal as the creation of a purported "imperialist beachhead" while Colombian diplomats defended the agreement. U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton stated that "there was no intention to expand the number of permanent [U.S.] personnel [in Colombia] beyond the maximum permitted by Congress." Other Latin American nations, including Brazil, also expressed their own concerns about the matter.^[59]^[60]^[61]

On 2 July 2008 a covert rescue operation codenamed Operation Jaque by the Colombian Special Forces disguised as FARC guerillas resulted in the rescue of Senator and former Presidential candidate Ingrid Betancourt, the Americans Marc Gonsalves, Thomas Howes, and Keith Stansell and eleven soldiers and police officers. It was done without bloodshed and led to the capture of two guerilla leaders. The operation heightened Uribe's already soaring popularity. Uribe stated that the rescue operation "was guided in every way by the light of the Holy Spirit, the protection of our Lord and the Virgin Mary."^[62] The hostages agreed, indicating that they had spent much time in captivity praying the rosary, and Ms. Betancourt, formerly a lapsed Catholic who prayed daily on a wooden rosary which she made while a hostage,^[63] attributed the rescue as follows: "I am convinced this is a miracle of the Virgin Mary. To me it is clear she has had a hand in all of this."^[62]

Although on completely opposite sides of the political spectrum, up until 2007 Colombia and Venezuela had only one major impasse in their relations, the Rodrigo Granda affair, which had been overcome thanks to the direct talks between Uribe and Chávez. Álvaro Uribe's main political problem during 2007 was his handling of the humanitarian exchange situation: the FARC guerrillas have under their possession over 700 hostages, living under very difficult conditions in the vast Colombian jungle. These hostages included presidential candidate and French citizen Ingrid Betancourt (now freed), three American citizens (now freed), and several Colombian politicians and law enforcers. Some of the captives have been in the jungle for over 10 years. For the release of 40 of these hostages (the so-called "canjeables" or "exchangeables") the FARC demands a Demilitarized Zone that includes the towns of Florida and Pradera. The government has refused to comply with this demand, deciding instead to push for a military rescue of the hostages, or by searching the mediation of third parties like Switzerland and the Catholic Church.

As all of those plans failed to get any positive outcome, Uribe appointed Senator Piedad Córdoba, to mediate between the government and the guerrillas in an attempt to secure the liberation of the hostages. Córdoba then asked Chávez to mediate also, with the consent of President Uribe. French president Nicolas Sarkozy was also willing to help in the mediation effort.

On 8 November 2007 Chávez met with alias "Iván Márquez" one of the highest members of the FARC and some other members of its secretariat at the Palacio de Miraflores in a widely publicized event. After the event Chavez promised to deliver evidence that some of the hostages remained alive. When Chávez met with Sarkozy on 19 November, Chávez was still waiting for the evidence. Lacking the "proof of life" that was promised to the families of the hostages, and seeing prominent FARC members using the media attention to promote their own ideology, Uribe became disgruntled with the mediation process.

On 22 November Uribe abruptly ended the mediation after Chávez spoke with the high command of the Colombian military during a call made by Córdoba.{{Citation needed|date=April 2008}} Uribe had warned Chávez against any attempt to talk to military high command. Chávez initially accepted the decision, but tensions escalated as the presidents increasingly attacked each other verbally, with Chávez claiming that Uribe and the U.S. simply preferred the war continue, and Uribe implying Chávez supported the rebels.

Chávez announced a "freeze" of political relations and called Uribe a "pawn of the empire" and cut contact with the Colombian government, including rejecting calls from the Colombian embassy in Caracas. He announced his intent to sharply reduce bilateral commerce.^[64]

Chávez continued negotiating with the rebels and eventually secured the unilateral release of two, then four more, hostages to Venezuela which were meant as signs of good faith and preceded calls for more negotiations, which Uribe dismissed.

A regional crisis began after Colombian troops killed FARC commander Raúl Reyes in a guerrilla camp inside Ecuadorian borders on 1 March. Ecuador, Venezuela and Nicaragua, which has a maritime dispute with Colombia, cut diplomatic ties with Colombia as a response, with Chavez and Ecuadorean President Rafael Correa ordering troops to their respective borders with Colombia.^[65] Uribe in response placed the armed forces on high alert but did not move his troops to confront them even though the Colombian army is larger than Ecuador's and Venezuela's combined.^[66]

Several countries in the Americas criticized the incursion into Ecuador as a violation of national sovereignty,^[67] which was also denounced by an OAS resolution.{{Citation needed|date=April 2008}} The United States backed Colombia's position and internal support for the action remained strong, Uribe's popularity rising as a result.^[68]

The impasse was finally solved when Leonel Fernández, President of the Dominican Republic, hosted an emergency summit of Latin American nations in Santo Domingo. He got Uribe, Correa, and Chavez to shake hands. Nicaragua's Daniel Ortega also announced the restoration of relations with Colombia at which Uribe told him that he would send him the bill for the plane fare for his ambassador.^[69]

In early March 2010, judge Eloy Velasco of Spain brought forth allegations against Hugo Chávez, the FARC and ETA of conspiring to assassinate president Álvaro Uribe, along with other Colombian political figures.^[70]

Socio-economic policy

The Uribe administration has continued dealing with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank, securing loans, agreeing to cut expenses, agreeing to continue debt payments, privatize public companies and foment investor confidence, in order to comply with financial orthodoxy.

Under Uribe, social spending has also seen a huge increase. The government's High Advisor for Social Policy, Juan Francisco Lozano Ramírez, stated in February 2005 that the administration had by 2004 achieved an increase of 5 million affiliates to the subsidized health system (3.5 million added in 2004, for a total of 15.4 million affiliates), an increase of 2 million Colombians that receive meals and care through the Institute of Family Welfare (ICBF) (for a total of 6.6 million), an increase of 1.7 million education slots in the National Service of Learning (SENA) (for a total of 2.7 million), an increase of 157% in the amount of microcredit available to small entrepreneurs, a reduction of unemployment from 15.6% in December 2002 to 12.1% by December 2004, the addition of almost 200,000 new houses to existing housing projects for the poor, a total of 750,000 new school slots in primary and high school, some 260,000 new university slots, the return of 70,000 displaced persons to their homes (under an 800% increase in the budget assigned to this matter), and support for a program that seeks to increase economic subsidies from 170,000 to 570,000 of the elderly by the end of the term. The High Advisor added that a "colossal effort" is still required and work must continue, and that this progress would constitute a sign of the Uribe administration's positive effects on social indicators.^[71]

Companies such as Carbocol, Telecom Colombia, Bancafé, Minercol and others, which were either already in crisis or considered by the government as overly expensive to maintain under their current spending conditions, were among those restructured or privatized.

Most direct critics have considered Uribe's administration neoliberal, and argued that it has not addressed the root causes of poverty and unemployment, because continued application of traditional trade and tax policies tend to benefit private and foreign investors over small owners and workers. Union and labor claim that many of the privatizations and liquidations have been done to please the IMF, the World Bank and multinational companies, and will hurt several national industries in the long run.^[72]

Unemployment remains at a high level (between 11 and 12% under Uribe's administration).^[73]

Referendum for reelection

A national referendum was promoted during Uribe's campaign and later modified by Congress and judicial review. The ability to revoke Congress was removed, as was the option to vote "Yes" or "No" as a whole. The modified proposal was defeated at the polls on 25 October 2003, and several left-wing candidates opposed to the referendum were victorious at regional elections the following day. At least 25% of the electorate needed to vote on each of the 15 proposals in order it to be accepted, but overall participation was only 24.8% and only the first proposal ("political death for the corrupt") achieved this. All 15 proposals were approved by a substantial majority of those who voted.^[74]^[75]

Analysts considered these events a political setback for President Uribe, as one of his main campaign propositions had failed, despite his personal leadership. The "active abstention" and blank voting campaigns that his opponents, in particular the Independent Democratic Pole and the Colombian Liberal Party, had promoted were allegedly successful in convincing enough of their sympathizers to stay home and instead participate in the next day's round of elections.

A number of Uribe's own supporters did not participate, as they found the referendum, which had been modified by Congress and later by the Judicial branch, to be too complex, long and uninspiring. Some also pointed out that extraordinary electoral initiatives (that is, those voted outside standard electoral dates) have traditionally suffered complications in Colombia, including a lack of participation.

In September 2003, Uribe issued a speech that contained allegations against what he called "agents of terrorism" inside a minority of human rights organizations, while at the same time declaring that he respected criticism from most other established organizations and sources. Similar statements were later repeated in other instances.^[76]

These statements were sharply criticized inside and outside Colombia because they could endanger the work of human rights and opposition figures.^[77]

Contacts begun in 2002 with the paramilitary AUC forces and their leader Carlos Castaño, which had publicly expressed their will to declare a cease-fire, continued in 2003 amid a degree of national and international controversy.

Reelection proposal

In 2004, Uribe successfully sought a Congressional amendment to the Colombian Constitution of 1991 which allowed him to run for a second term as president. For years, Colombian presidents had been limited to a single four-year term and had been barred from any sort of reelection, even if nonconsecutive. Uribe originally had expressed his disagreement with consecutive reelection during his campaign, but later changed his mind, first at a private level and later in public appearances.

Many analysts considered that, in order to secure the approval of this reform, Uribe may have slacked on his campaign promises, because of what has been perceived as his indirect bribing of congressmen, through the alleged assignment of their relatives to the diplomatic corps and through promises of investment in their regions of origin. Uribe's supporters consider that no actual bribing took place, and that a consensus among the diverse sectors that back Uribe's policies in Congress had to be reached through political negotiation.

The amendment permitting a single reelection was approved by Congress in December 2004, and by the Constitutional Court in October 2005.^[78]

2006 presidential elections

In 2004, Uribe's political supporters amended the constitution to allow him to run for a second term, previously proscribed by the Colombian constitution, and his own decision to run for a second term was announced in late 2005.^[79] With this amendment, Uribe was re-elected on 28 May 2006 for a second presidential term (2006–2010), and became the first president to be consecutively re-elected in Colombia in over a century. He received about 62% of the vote, winning over 7.3 million votes.^[80] This was the largest victory for a presidential candidate in Colombian history.

The Organization of American States (OAS) deployed electoral observers in 12 departments: Antioquia, Risaralda, Quindío, Atlántico, Bolívar, Santander, Córdoba, Cauca, César, Nariño, Magdalena and Valle. In a statement made on 28 May, OAS mentioned that the elections "have taken place in an atmosphere of freedom, transparency and normalcy", despite incidents "related to the use of indelible ink, voter substitution and the accreditation of electoral witnesses, though these have no effect on the electoral process as a whole" and "developments in northern Santander province that took the lives of army personnel and left others injured in an ambush carried out by subversive groups."^[81]

Bribery investigation

In April 2008, Yidis Medina, a former congresswoman from the pro-government Colombian Conservative Party, claimed that members of President Uribe's administration had offered her to appoint local officials in her home province, in exchange for voting in favor of the 2004 reelection bill. According to Medina, the government had not fulfilled that promise, prompting her declaration. The Attorney General of Colombia ordered her arrest, after which she turned herself over to authorities and testified to the Supreme Court as part of the investigation. The opposition Alternative Democratic Pole party asked for President Uribe to be investigated for bribery.^[82] After the declarations made by Medina, the Supreme Court of Colombia sent copies of the process to other judicial authorities, who have the jurisdiction to investigate several former and current cabinet members and other high officials. The Accusations Commission of the Colombian Congress will study the matter and decide if there are enough merits to officially investigate President Uribe.^[83]^[84]

International awards

On 4 February 2005 Álvaro Uribe was created knight collar of the Order of Isabella the Catholic by King Juan Carlos of Spain.^[85] In May 2007 the American Jewish Committee (AJC) gave Uribe its "Light Unto The Nations" award. AJC President E. Robert Goodkind, who presented the award at AJC's Annual Dinner held at the National Building Museum in Washington, stated: "President Uribe is a staunch ally of the United States, a good friend of Israel and the Jewish people, and is a firm believer in human dignity and human development in Colombia and the Americas".^[86]

On 13 January 2009 US President George W. Bush awarded President Uribe, along with former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Tony Blair and former Prime Minister of Australia John Howard, the highest civilian award; the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Dana Perino, the White House Press Secretary explained that he received this award "for (his) work to improve the lives of (his) citizens and for (his) efforts to promote democracy, human rights and peace abroad." She said (speaking of the three leaders who received the reward on this day): "All three leaders have been staunch allies of the United States, particularly in combating terrorism."^[87]

On 23 November 2009 Nicolas De Santis, President of Gold Mercury International, presented President Uribe the Gold Mercury International Award for Peace & Security in a ceremony at the Nariño Presidential Palace in Bogota.^[88] The Award recognised Uribe's efforts to transform Colombia's internal security mechanisms, improve human rights, social cohesion and general development of the country.^[89]

Popularity

Since his 2002 election Uribe's approval ratings have remained high, usually staying between 60 and 70 percent after eight years in office.^[90]^[91]^[92]

During early 2008 Álvaro Uribe's approval rating hit 81%, one of the highest popularity levels of his entire presidency.^[93] In June 2008, after Operation Jaque, Uribe's approval rate rose to an unprecedented 91%.^[94] In May 2009 his popularity had dropped to 68%.^[95]

According to a June 2009 Ipsos-Napoleón Franco national poll for the 2010 presidential campaign, covering over thirty cities and municipalities, Uribe's overall approval rating was 76% but only 57% would vote in favor of his potential reelection for a third term.^[96]^[97]

During the eight years of Uribe's government, internal polling, communications strategy and government and presidential image were managed by Uribe's Communications Advisors Jaime Bermudez, who later became Ambassador to Argentina and then Foreign Affairs Minister; Jorge Mario Eastman, who was Vice-minister of Defense before and left to become Vice-minister of Defense again; and Mauricio Carradini who served under Uribe until the end the period in office.^[98]

President Uribe's popularity on leaving office has been measured to be between 79% and 84% depending on the source consulted.

However, opinion polls in Colombia are realized only with the inhabitants most big cities and does not include the opinion of rural populations, most affected by the war and the poverty. Some journalists were also surprised that the president's popularity is not reflected in the elections, where the abstention varies between 50% and 80% of the electorate.^[99]

2010 third term proposal

As the end of Uribe's his second term approached, his supporters sought a new amendment which would grant him the right to run for a third term.^[100]

In May 2009, Defense Minister Juan Manuel Santos resigned so he could be free to run for president in case Uribe either did not or could not run again himself. Santos said before resigning that he did not want to run against his boss.^[100]

The Constitutional Court not only threw out the referendum, but declared Colombian presidents could only serve two terms, even if they were nonconsecutive. This effectively foreclosed a potential Uribe run for president in 2014.^[103] The Constitution has since been amended to limit the president to a single four-year term, restoring the status quo that prevailed before 2005.

Post-Presidency and controversy

In the fall of 2010, a few months after leaving office, President Uribe was named visiting scholar at Georgetown University's Walsh School of Foreign Service,^[104] where he taught students in different disciplines as a guest lecturer in seminars and classes. In 2011, President Uribe was granted an honorary award by the Latin American Student Association of Georgetown, for his leadership and commitment with the Latin American community of the university.

Uribe's appointment at Georgetown sparked controversy. In September, more than 150 scholars, including 10 Georgetown professors and leading experts on Latin America and Colombia, signed a letter calling for Uribe's firing.^[105] "We don’t think we should lend the legitimacy of the university to him," one Georgetown professor argued. A Colombian humorist suggested Uribe teach a course on wiretapping, which his administration illegally conducted on opposition figures, human rights workers, journalists and Supreme Court justices.^[106] Many students protested, with some hanging banners calling him a "mass murderer" for the deaths of thousands of civilians that the army later dressed up as guerillas^[107]

In November 2010, while at the Georgetown campus, Uribe was served a criminal subpoena in the case Claudia Balcero Giraldo v. Drummond, regarding hundreds of civilians murdered by paramilitary forces loyal to Uribe.^[108]

After a year at Georgetown, Uribe left to continue with his personal endeavors in Colombia.

In October 2012, News Corporation welcomed Uribe to the Board of Directors upon the retirement of Andrew Knight, John Thornton, and Arthur Siskind.^[109]

In 2012, Uribe joined the Leadership Council of Concordia, a nonprofit organization in New York City that creates public-private partnerships.

In 2018 new [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/may/08/colombia-false-positives-scandal-casualties-higher-thought-study declarations] are part of a growing body of evidence suggesting that the Uribe family was directly involved in training and directing the operations of the outlaw paramilitary groups from their own ranch, located in the region of Antioquia. This revelations added fuel to an ongoing Supreme Court investigations of the former president’s own ties to massacres and assassinations during the 1990s—acts the Court says are "[https://www.semana.com/nacion/articulo/las-razones-para-declarar-la-granja-el-aro-y-jesus-maria-valle-como-crimenes-de-lesa-humanidad/569898 crimes against humanity]." Prosecutors accuse Uribe of helping to plan paramilitary massacres in [https://www.elheraldo.co/colombia/masacres-de-el-aro-san-roque-y-la-granja-delitos-de-lesa-humanidad-501558 La Granja (1996)], San Roque (1996) and El Aro (1997) while he was governor of Antioquia, and the February 1998 assassination of Jesús María Valle, an attorney and human rights defender working with victims in those cases.^[110]

Senator of Colombia (2014–2018)

Uribe, who had served in the Senate prior to his election as president, is the only former Colombian head of state in history to have become a Senator after occupying the presidency.^[111]

Founded by the former president, the Democratic Center (Centro Democratico) party managed to win 20 seats in the Senate during 9 March congressional election a, the second highest number after the 21 seats held by President Juan Manuel Santos U Party (Partido de la U). Uribe's new Centro Democratico party also won 19 of the House of Representatives' 166 seats.^[111]^[112]

Uribe campaigned actively against the peace deal between the Juan Manuel Santos administration and FARC.^[113] He argued the deal would undermine the constitution by appointing FARC leaders, who received no prison terms for their crimes, to congress.

Awards

In December 2012, Thunderbird School of Global Management honored former Colombian President Álvaro Uribe Velez with the degree of honorary Doctorate of International Law Honoris Causa

On 23 June 2013, a poll conducted by The History Channel awarded Álvaro Uribe Vélez the title of El Gran Colombiano, an award obtained in competition with 125 other Colombian personalities.^[114]

See also

References

1. ^Sur les eaux noires du fleuve, 2013, Maurice Lemoine
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cronicadelquindio.com/noticia-completa-nota-13649|title=ONU denuncia patrón de ejecuciones extrajudiciales e impunidad en Colombia|publisher=}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.eluniversal.com.co/colombia/colombia-es-el-segundo-pais-con-mayor-cantidad-de-desplazados-en-el-mundo-193052|title=Colombia es el segundo país con mayor cantidad de desplazados en el mundo|date=8 May 2015|publisher=}}
4. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/08/02/world/91-us-report-calls-colombian-leader-ally-of-drug-lords.html |title='91 U.S. Report Calls Colombian Leader Ally of Drug Lords |first=Juan |last=Forero |date=2 August 2004 |newspaper=New York Times |accessdate=17 March 2017}}
5. ^{{cite web |url=http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB131/index.htm |title=U.S. intelligence listed Colombian President Uribe among "important Colombian narco-traffickers" in 1991 |date=2 August 2004 |publisher=The National Security Archive |accessdate=17 March 2017}}
6. ^{{cite web |url=https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/colombia/2018-05-25/narcopols-medellin-cartel-financed-senate-campaign-former |title="Narcopols": Medellín Cartel “Financed” Senate Campaign of Former President Álvaro Uribe, Colombian Senators Told U.S. Embassy |date=25 May 2018|publisher=The National Security Archive |accessdate=27 June 2018}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2010/08/201082145229424436.html|title=Israel 'to assist' flotilla inquiry|publisher=Al Jazeera|accessdate=8 August 2012}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.colombia-politics.com/alvaro-uribe-velez-a-political-biography/|title=Álvaro Uribe Vélez, political biography - Colombia Politics|date=10 October 2012|publisher=}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=https://elpais.com/internacional/2016/11/22/colombia/1479819217_374727.html|title=Uribe rechaza el nuevo acuerdo de paz entre el Gobierno y las FARC y pide un nuevo plebiscito|first=Javier|last=Lafuente|date=22 November 2016|publisher=|via=elpais.com}}
10. ^Colombia, laboratorio de embrujos. Democracia y terrorismo, 2007, Hernando Calvo Ospina
11. ^{{cite web|url=https://cavb.blogspot.fr/2008/03/padre-del-presidente-colombiano-lvaro.html|title=Padre del presidente colombiano Álvaro Uribe era "un reconocido narcotraficante".- Libro "Los Jinetes de la Cocaína" informa sobre el narco-clan Uribe|website=cavb.blogspot.fr}}
12. ^Blasts mar Colombia inauguration, BBC News. Retrieved 3 June 2007.
13. ^Un voto en respaldo de la mano dura contra la guerrilla, El Clarín. Retrieved 3 June 2007.
14. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.un.int/colombia/english/quien/auv.htm |title=H.E. Álvaro Uribe Velez |publisher=Un.int |accessdate=8 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090430204213/http://www.un.int/colombia/english/quien/auv.htm |archive-date=30 April 2009 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}
15. ^{{cite web |url=http://web.presidencia.gov.co/presidente/hoja_auv4.htm |title=Álvaro Uribe Vélez. Señor Presidente de la República de Colombia |publisher=Web.presidencia.gov.co |accessdate=8 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517200159/http://web.presidencia.gov.co/presidente/hoja_auv4.htm |archive-date=17 May 2012 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}
16. ^{{cite journal|last=López Suárez|first=Alfonso|year=2001|title=Uribe, primero la autoridad|url=http://www.elcolombiano.com/proyectos/serieselcolombiano/textos/elecciones/uribe.htm|journal=El Colombiano|issue=Series|quote=En 1998, una vez dejó la gobernación, viajó a Londres, donde gracias a la beca Simón Bolívar del Consejo Británico fue nombrado Senior Associate Member de Saint Antony´s College en la Universidad de Oxford.|accessdate=4 July 2008}}
17. ^¹²³⁴⁵Álvaro Uribe Vélez. Señor Presidente de la República de Colombia. Hoja de Vida en Inglés {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091219210455/http://web.presidencia.gov.co/presidente/hojaing_auv5.htm |date=19 December 2009 }}, Presidencia de la República de Colombia. Retrieved 29 August 2007.
18. ^¹War Without Quarter: Colombia and International Humanitarian Law, Human Rights Watch. 1 October 1998. Retrieved 3 June 2010.
19. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.cidh.org/countryrep/Colom99sp/capitulo-4e.htm |title=Tercer Informe sobre la Situación de los Derechos Humanos en Colombia. Capítulo IV continuado 5 |accessdate=3 June 2010 |publisher=Inter-American Commission on Human Rights|language=es}}
20. ^[https://www.hrw.org/worldreport/Americas-02.htm#P251_56163 World Report 1998: Colombia], Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 4 April 2007.
21. ^UNHCR. Refworld. Human Rights Watch World Report 1998 – Colombia. Retrieved 27 January 2010.
22. ^La popularidad de Álvaro Uribe{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} by María Fernanda Moreno, Revista Semana, 30 July 2003. Retrieved 4 April 2007.
23. ^The National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism, Terrorist Organization Profile:United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (AUC), http://www.start.umd.edu/start/data_collections/tops/terrorist_organization_profile.asp?id=126
24. ^{{es icon}} En Colombia No Hay Conflicto Sino Terrorismo, Centro de Noticias del Estado, 22 August 2003. Retrieved 4 April 2007.
25. ^Uribe defends security policies, BBC News, 18 November 2004. Retrieved 4 April 2007.
26. ^¹²Democratic Security and Defense Policy {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017035016/http://www.colombiaemb.org/opencms/opencms/defense/ |date=17 October 2007 }}, Embassy of Colombia, Washington, D.C.
27. ^OpEd: After a dark period, a better Colombia by Luis Alberto Moreno, Boston Globe, 19 August 2004. Retrieved 4 April 2007.
28. ^World Report 2005: Colombia, Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 4 April 2007.
29. ^Report of the High Commissioner for Human Rights on the situation of human rights in Colombia, UNHCHR, 25 February 2005, page 3. Retrieved 4 April 2007.
30. ^{{es icon}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928094307/http://indh.pnud.org.co/articuloImprimir.plx?id=187&t=informePrensa Decision of the Constitutional Court]
31. ^{{cite news |page=1 |title=Las 'Águilas negras', grupo conformado por desmovilizados de las autodefensas, ya azotan 5 regiones |date=31 October 2006 |work=El Tiempo |url=http://www.eltiempo.com/conflicto/noticias/ARTICULO-WEB-NOTA_INTERIOR-3306783.html |access-date=20 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312173530/http://www.eltiempo.com/conflicto/noticias/ARTICULO-WEB-NOTA_INTERIOR-3306783.html |archive-date=12 March 2007 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}
32. ^Ley de Justicia y Paz {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721102306/http://www.altocomisionadoparalapaz.gov.co/justicia_paz/documentos/Ley1_975.pdf |date=21 July 2011 }}, Congress of the Republic of Colombia, 15 July 2005. Retrieved 29 January 2008.
33. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/monde/amerique-sud/colombie-des-milliers-de-civils-tues-pour-simuler-des-succes-militaires_1693719.html|title=Colombie: des milliers de civils tués pour simuler des succès militaires|date=26 June 2015|publisher=}}
34. ^{{cite web|url=http://archives.varmatin.com/article/monde/lonu-denonce-un-taux-dimpunite-de-985-des-forces-armees-en-colombie.188555.html|title=L'ONU dénonce un taux d'impunité de 98,5% des forces armées en Colombie|website=archives.varmatin.com}}
35. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.publico.es/internacional/aparece-colombia-fosa-comun-000.html|title=Aparece en Colombia una fosa común con 2.000 cadáveres|publisher=}}
36. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ediec.org/news/newsitem/article/un-warns-about-forced-disappearances-in-colombia/ |title=UN warns about forced disappearances in Colombia |publisher=EDIEC |accessdate=8 August 2012}}
37. ^{{cite web |url=http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=50158 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2011-03-14 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100921105951/http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=50158 |archivedate=21 September 2010 |df=dmy-all }}
38. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.elcolombiano.com/BancoConocimiento/E/ecuador_lleno_de_desplazados_colombianos/ecuador_lleno_de_desplazados_colombianos.asp|title=Ecuador, lleno de desplazados colombianos|publisher=}}
39. ^{{cite web|author=Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC) – Norwegian Refugee Council |url=http://www.internal-displacement.org/countries/colombia |title=IDMC | Internally Displaced People (IDPs) in Colombia |publisher=Internal-displacement.org |accessdate=8 August 2012}}
40. ^{{cite news |first=Sibylla |last=Brodzinsky |page=1 |title=Colombian establishment rocked by death squad scandal |date=29 November 2006 |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/colombia/story/0,,1959864,00.html |location=London}}
41. ^{{cite news |first=Constanza |last=Vieira |page=1 |title=Colombia – Arrests of Lawmakers with Paramilitary Ties Rock Government |date=17 November 2006 |publisher=Inter Press Service News |url=http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=35525 |access-date=8 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402042203/http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=35525 |archive-date=2 April 2012 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}
42. ^{{cite news |first=Kristen |last=Begg |page=1 |title=Ex governor jailed for 40 years for parapolitics |date=3 December 2009 |publisher=Colombia Reports |url=http://colombiareports.com/colombia-news/news/7180-supreme-court-sentences-ex-governor-to-40-years-in-jail-for-parapolitics.html}}
43. ^¹{{cite news |page=1 |title=La fibra intima |date=22 April 2006 |work=Revista Semana |url=http://www.semana.com/wf_InfoArticulo.aspx?idArt=102363 |access-date=10 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090605200224/http://www.semana.com/wf_InfoArticulo.aspx?idArt=102363 |archive-date=5 June 2009 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}
44. ^{{cite news |page=1 |title=Uribe se defiende |date=22 April 2006 |work=Revista Semana |url=http://www.semana.com/wf_InfoArticulo.aspx?idArt=102325 |access-date=10 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607010718/http://www.semana.com/wf_InfoArticulo.aspx?idArt=102325 |archive-date=7 June 2009 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}
45. ^{{cite news |first= Juan|last=Forero|page=1 |title=Cousin of Colombian President Arrested in Death Squad Probe |date=23 April 2008 |work=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/04/22/AR2008042201144.html?hpid=sec-world |accessdate=23 April 2010}}
46. ^{{cite news |url=http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2011/02/22/colombia-high-court-sentences-uribe-kin-militia-ties/ |publisher=Fox News Channel |title=Colombia high court sentences Uribe kin for militia ties |date=22 February 2011 |access-date=26 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110223110426/http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2011/02/22/colombia-high-court-sentences-uribe-kin-militia-ties/ |archive-date=23 February 2011 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}
47. ^{{cite news |page=1 |title=Colombia's Uribe under probe over 1997 massacre |date=23 April 2008 |agency=Agence France-Presse |url=http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5gBZjOvIOi6hYtaE3zHlhgwMMr_oQ |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614142622/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5gBZjOvIOi6hYtaE3zHlhgwMMr_oQ |archivedate=14 June 2012 |df=dmy-all }}
48. ^{{cite news |page=1 |title=Uribe: Yo no me reuní con paramilitares |date=23 April 2008 |work=Revista Semana |url=http://www.semana.com/wf_InfoArticulo.aspx?IdArt=111223 |access-date=10 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430213809/http://www.semana.com/wf_InfoArticulo.aspx?IdArt=111223 |archive-date=30 April 2008 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}
49. ^¹²³⁴⁵{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/05/16/AR2009051602301.html |title=Scandals Surround Colombian Leader. Top Aides Suspected in Secret Police Case |author=Forero, Juan |work=The Washington Post |date=17 May 2009 |accessdate=8 June 2010 }}
50. ^{{cite web|url=http://colombiareports.com/colombia-news/news/2999-uribe-denies-having-ordered-das-wiretaps.html |title=Uribe denies having ordered DAS wiretaps – Colombia news |publisher=Colombia Reports |date=23 February 2009 |accessdate=8 August 2012}}
51. ^¹{{cite web |url=http://www.semana.com/noticias-nacion/das-sigue-grabando/120991.aspx |title=El DAS sigue grabando |work=Revista Semana |date=21 February 2009 |accessdate=8 June 2010 |language=Spanish}}
52. ^{{cite web |author=Gonzalo Guillen |url=http://www.elnuevoherald.com/2009/10/02/v-fullstory/557125/rosales-niega-plan-para-asesinar.html |title=Rosales niega plan para asesinar a Chávez – Venezuela |work=El Nuevo Herald |date=2 October 2009 |accessdate=8 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309170954/http://www.elnuevoherald.com/2009/10/02/v-fullstory/557125/rosales-niega-plan-para-asesinar.html |archive-date=9 March 2012 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}
53. ^Hernandez, A., "Uribe pide a E.U. un despliegue militar en Colombia “similar” al de Irak", ANIA, 23 January 2003
54. ^Bush, Uribe Applaud Strength of U.S.-Colombia Partnership {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060824153938/http://usinfo.state.gov/gi/Archive/2004/Nov/23-231491.html |date=24 August 2006 }}, United States Department of State, 23 November 2004. Retrieved 4 April 2007.
55. ^{{es icon}} Acuerdan Colombia y Bolivia cooperación comercial {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130413025231/http://www.esmas.com/noticierostelevisa/internacionales/409545.html |date=13 April 2013 }}, EFE, 29 November 2004. Retrieved 4 April 2007
56. ^{{es icon}} España compromete con Colombia apoyo estratégico contra el terrorismo, Belt Iberica, 29 July 2004. Retrieved 4 April 2007.
57. ^{{es icon}} Firman China y Colombia 5 documentos de cooperación {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317083541/http://www.spanish.xinhuanet.com/spanish/2005-04/07/content_100364.htm |date=17 March 2012 }}, Xinhua News Agency, 6 April 2005. Retrieved 4 April 2007.
58. ^{{cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20091130/ap_on_re_la_am_ca/lt_honduras_elections |title=Honduras hopes to move past coup with election (Version 2) |date=30 November 2009 |publisher=AP via Yahoo News |accessdate=30 November 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091201190036/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20091130/ap_on_re_la_am_ca/lt_honduras_elections |archivedate=1 December 2009 }}
59. ^{{cite news |page=1 |title=U.S. Military Base Plan Puts Colombia in Hot Water |date=12 August 2009 |work=Time |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1915825,00.html#ixzz0rehy8KtO}}
60. ^{{cite news |first=Simon|last=Romero |page=1 |title=Increased U.S. Military Presence in Colombia Could Pose Problems With Neighbors |date=23 July 2009 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/23/world/americas/23colombia.html}}
61. ^{{cite news |page=1 |title=Outcry in South America over US military base pact |date= 27 August 2009 |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/aug/27/anger-america-colombia-bases-deal |location=London |first1=Rory |last1=Carroll |first2=Ewen |last2=MacAskill}}
62. ^¹Rosary plays important role in hostage rescue in Colombia Catholic News Agency, 9 July 2008
63. ^Betancourt to visit Lourdes shrine {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208204658/http://africa.reuters.com/world/news/usnL075297.html |date=8 December 2008 }} Reuters 7 July 2008
64. ^{{cite news |page=1 |title=Escaramuzas Vervales |date=26 January 2008 |work=Revista Semana |url=http://www.semana.com/wf_InfoArticulo.aspx?idArt=109049 |access-date=29 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080129114302/http://www.semana.com/wf_InfoArticulo.aspx?IdArt=109049 |archive-date=29 January 2008 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}
65. ^{{cite news |page=1 |title=Neighbours cut ties with Colombia |date=4 March 2008 |publisher=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7276228.stm}}
66. ^{{cite news |page=1 |title =Hugo Chavez Moves His Tanks to Border as Regional War Looms |date=3 March 2008|work =The Times|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article3471872.ece. |location=London |first1=Sean |last1=O'Neill |first2=Fiona |last2=Hamilton}}
67. ^{{cite news |page=1 |title=Ecuador lobbies for support against Colombia |date=5 March 2008 |work=The Irish Times |url=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2008/0305/breaking8.html}}
68. ^{{cite news |page=1 |title=Bush backs Colombian president |date=4 March 2008 |work=International Herald Tribune |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/03/04/america/NA-GEN-US-South-America.php}}
69. ^{{cite news | page=1 | title =Venezuela and Colombia Make Peace| date=7 March 2008| publisher =MSN| url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/23521758/.}}
70. ^Graves acusaciones de nexos entre el Gobierno venezolano, las FARC Y ETA {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422180114/http://www.noticias.com.co/2010/03/03/graves-acusaciones-de-nexos-entre-el-gobierno-venezolano-las-farc-y-eta/ |date=22 April 2012 }}
71. ^{{es icon}} Gobierno Uribe Tiene un Impacto Favorable en la Reducción de la Pobreza {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929132215/http://noticias.presidencia.gov.co/sne/2005/febrero/12/03122005.htm |date=29 September 2007 }}, Colombian State News, 12 February 2005. Retrieved 4 April 2007.
72. ^To the Spoilers the Victory: Colombia Privatises the Mineral Industry with World Bank Support {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080318201747/http://www.minesandcommunities.org/Action/action48.htm |date=18 March 2008 }}, Mines & Communities Action, 29 October 2003. Retrieved 4 April 2007.
73. ^http://datos.bancomundial.org/indicador/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?locations=CO&page=1
74. ^2003 Colombian Referendum, International Foundation for Election Systems. Retrieved 4 April 2007
75. ^Official Election Results {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040902093224/http://www.registraduria.gov.co/2003RE_escrut/e/vre0.htm?1 |date=2 September 2004 }}
76. ^Speech by Álvaro Uribe {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231555/http://www.ciponline.org/colombia/030908urib.htm |date=3 March 2016 }}, 8 September 2003. Text courtesy Center for International Policy. Retrieved 4 April 2007.
77. ^The Uribe government and NGOs {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234549/http://www.ciponline.org/colombia/ngos.htm |date=3 March 2016 }}, Center for International Policy, 8 September 2003. Retrieved 4 April 2007.
78. ^Colombia re-election ban lifted, BBC News, 20 October 2005. Retrieved 4 April 2007.
79. ^Uribe se lanza a la reelección, BBC News, 28 November 2005. Retrieved 13 August 2008.
80. ^Colombia's Uribe wins second term, BBC News, 29 May 2006. Retrieved 4 April 2007.
81. ^OAS Observation Mission: Colombian Elections Transparent, Normal, Organization of American States, 28 May 2006. Retrieved 4 April 2007.
82. ^[https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSN2948031320080429 Colombian opposition calls for Uribe bribery probe], Reuters, 29 April 2008. Retrieved 29 April 2008.
83. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.eltiempo.com/tiempoimpreso/edicionimpresa/justicia/2008-05-09/ARTICULO-WEB-NOTA_INTERIOR-4152896.html |title=La Corte dice que Yidis Medina sí vendió su voto por reelección |date=8 May 2008 |publisher=EL TIEMPO |accessdate=8 May 2008 }}{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
84. ^{{cite news|url=http://colombiareports.com/2008/05/08/uribe-officially-investigated-for-bribery-medina/ |title=Uribe officially investigated for bribery Medina |date=8 May 2008 |publisher=Colombia Reports |accessdate=9 May 2008}}{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
85. ^[https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2005-1882 Álvaro Uribe's Order of Isabella the Catholic appointment. Spanish Official Journal] 5 February 2005. Acceded 20 March 2016
86. ^American Jewish Committee, "President Uribe Receives AJC Light unto the Nations Award {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070807094028/http://www.ajc.org/site/apps/nl/content2.asp?c=ijITI2PHKoG&b=849241&ct=3841031 |date=7 August 2007 }}", 4 May 2007
87. ^Whitehouse.gov, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090118125653/http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2009/01/20090113-7.html |date=18 January 2009 }}, 13 January 2009
88. ^{{cite news|title=Presidente Álvaro Uribe recibió premio Gold Mercury por la Paz y la Seguridad 2009|url=http://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/CMS-6655248|accessdate=5 November 2015|work=El Tiempo|date=23 November 2009}}
89. ^{{cite news|title=Uribe gana el premio Gold Mercury de la Paz y Seguridad|url=http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2009/11/23/internacional/1259009669.html|accessdate=5 November 2015|agency=El Mundo|date=23 November 2009}}
90. ^{{cite news |page=1 |title=Presidential Results Due in June |date=31 May 2010 |publisher=Inter Press Service |url=http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=51657 |access-date=8 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613091649/http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=51657 |archive-date=13 June 2010 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}
91. ^{{cite news |page=1 |title=Another strong leader for Colombia |date=22 June 2010 |work=The Miami Herald |url=http://www.miamiherald.com/2010/06/22/1693161/another-strong-leader-for-colombia.html}}
92. ^{{cite news |page=1 |title=Profile: Álvaro Uribe Vélez |date=29 March 2010 |publisher=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3214685.stm}}
93. ^{{cite news |page=1 |title=Imagen favorable del presidente Uribe rompió récord del 80 por ciento |date=24 January 2008 |work=El Tiempo |url=http://www.eltiempo.com/politica/2008-01-24/ARTICULO-WEB-NOTA_INTERIOR-3930782.html }}{{Dead link|date=August 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
94. ^{{cite news |title=Popularity of Colombia's Uribe soars after rescue |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSN06348039 |agency=Reuters |date=6 July 2008 |accessdate=6 July 2008 |first=Hugh |last=Bronstein}}
95. ^{{cite news |title=Si la votación del referendo reeleccionista fuera hoy, el presidente Uribe podría ser candidato |work=El Tiempo |url=http://www.eltiempo.com/colombia/politica/ARTICULO-WEB-PLANTILLA_NOTA_INTERIOR-5165747.html}}
96. ^{{cite news |title=Si no es Uribe, es Santos |work=Revista Semana |url=http://www.semana.com/noticias-politica/no-uribe-santos/124634.aspx}}
97. ^{{cite news |title=Las nueve conclusiones sobre la primera Gran Encuesta |publisher=La Silla Vacía |url=http://www.lasillavacia.com/historia/2225}}
98. ^{{cite news |title=Presidencia de la Republica |url=http://web.presidencia.gov.co/programa/altconscomunicaciones_eng.html |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130829173318/http://web.presidencia.gov.co/programa/altconscomunicaciones_eng.html |archivedate=29 August 2013 |df=dmy-all }}
99. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.rosa-lux.fr/maurice-lemoine-regis-bar-colombie-paramilitaires-et-militaires-aux-trousses-de-la-population/|title=Rosalux - M. Lemoine - Colombie : paramilitaires et militaires aux trousses de la population|website=www.rosa-lux.fr}}
100. ^¹The Economist, 10 January 2009 U.S. print edition, page 34. "Politics in Colombia: Third Term Temptation"
101. ^{{cite news |title=Colombia court rules out any Uribe bid for third term |author=Chris Kraul |author2=Jenny Carolina González |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=27 February 2010 |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2010/feb/27/world/la-fg-colombia-uribe27-2010feb27}}
102. ^"Colombian judges deny Alvaro Uribe third term poll", BBC, 27 February 2010
103. ^{{cite book |title=The World Today Series: Latin America 2010 |last=Buckman |first=Robert T. |year=2010 |publisher=Stryker-Post Publications |location=Harpers Ferry, West Virginia |isbn=978-1-935264-12-5}}
104. ^{{cite web|url=http://anthonyclarkarend.com/humanrights/former-colombian-president-alvaro-uribe-to-teach-at-georgetown-university/|title=Former Colombian President, Alvaro Uribe, to teach at Georgetown University|date=12 August 2010|publisher=}}
105. ^https://www.newsweek.com/appointment-colombian-ex-president-sparks-controversy-georgetown-74165
106. ^https://www.pri.org/stories/2010-09-22/colombia-dark-side-alvaro-uribe
107. ^https://www.pri.org/stories/2010-09-22/colombia-dark-side-alvaro-uribe
108. ^http://www.thehoya.com/clearing-the-air-about-uribes-subpoena/
109. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.newscorp.com/news/news_545.html |title=Chairman's Address to the 2012 Annual Meeting of Stockholders |date=16 October 2012 |accessdate=18 October 2012}}
110. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/08/world/americas/colombia-uribe-death-squad.html|title=In Colombian Death Ranch Case, Some Fear Prosecution Will Be Buried|access-date=2018-08-04|language=en}}
111. ^¹{{cite web|title=Uribe baptized into Colombia Senate, awaiting fire from opponents |url=http://colombiareports.co/uribe-baptized-fire-congress/|publisher=colombiareports.co|accessdate=21 July 2014}}
112. ^{{cite web|title=Santos inaugurates Colombia Congress, calls on lawmakers to support peace |url=http://colombiareports.co/santos-inaugurates-colombia-congress-calls-lawmakers-support-peace/|publisher=colombiareports.co|accessdate=21 July 2014}}
113. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/07/peace-deal-rejection-returns-alvaro-uribe-to-political-limelight|title=Colombia's peace deal rejection returns Álvaro Uribe to political limelight|first=Sibylla|last=Brodzinsky|date=7 October 2016|website=the Guardian}}
114. ^{{cite news|title=Álvaro Uribe es el Gran Colombiano|url=http://www.elespectador.com/entretenimiento/arteygente/gente/articulo-429605-alvaro-uribe-el-gran-colombiano|accessdate=24 June 2013|newspaper=El Espectador|date=23 June 2013}}

External links

In 2012 received honorary Doctorate of International Law Honoris Causa from Thunderbird School of Global Management