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词条 Draft:Swan Island (Oregon)
释义

  1. History

  2. Industrial park

  3. Notes

     Sources 

  4. Further reading

  5. External links

Swan Island is located on the Willamette River about {{convert|4.5|mi|km}} downriver from downtown Portland, Oregon, United States. The island and nearby river features posed an obstacle to river traffic during the 19th and early 20th centuries, with vessels being restricted to a narrow channel on the island's east side. Proposals on how to improve navigation around the island included widening one of its channels or removing the island completely. Swan Island was acquired by the Port of Portland in 1921. The Port expanded the channel on the island's west side and undertook other steps to improve navigation. Some of the dredged material was used to connect the island to the Willamette's east bank, creating a man-made peninsula. Swan Island was the site of the Swan Island Municipal Airport from 1927 until the early 1940s, and was the site of a Kaiser shipyard during the Second World War. The area is presently an industrial park.

History

{{multiple image
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| image1 = Swan Island east channel.png
| caption1 = Under natural conditions, larger vessels were restricted to the channel on the east side of Swan Island.
| image2 = Swan Island after dredging.png
| caption2 = Dredging by the Port of Portland expanded the channel on the west side of the island.
}}

The island was first noted as "Willow Island" by the United States Exploring Expedition in 1844.[1] River traffic on the Willamette was impeded by a bar near the island, and annual dredging was required to maintain a navigable channel. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.{{sfn|Willingham|1983|pp=22–23}} A 1914 Oregonian article reported that the Commission of Public Docks was unanimously in favor of removing the island, instead of developing it for commerce.[2][3][4]

The purchase of Swan Island was proposed to Portland's city council in March 1920 as part of a $10,000,000 harbor development plan.[5] Other features of this "Swan Island project" included the development of Mocks Bottom, a swampy area directly east of Swan Island; and the draining of Guild's Lake, located west of the island.[6][7] The island was purchased by the Port of Portland in December 1921 at a cost of $120,577.[8] Approximately 65 percent of the material dredged from the river—more than 20 million cubic yards—was deposited in Guild's Lake, and most of the rest was used to connect Swan Island to the Willamette's east bank.[9]

The Port of Portland initially intended to develop Swan Island as a freight terminal site, but decided to construct an airport on the island to speed up the distribution of air mail to the city. Portland did not have an airport at the time, and air mail to the city was instead flown to Pearson Field in Vancouver, Washington, about 10 miles distant.[10] Swan Island Municipal Airport was dedicated in 1927. Passenger service ceased in 1940, after completion of the Portland–Columbia Airport, but limited operations continued at the Swan Island airport until 1942.{{sfn|MacColl|1979|pp=249–51}} A causeway connecting Swan Island to the Willamette's east bank was constructed in conjunction with the airport.[11][12] Tenants of the Swan Island airport were ordered to leave the facilities in late February 1942 to make way for a U.S. Maritime Commission shipyard. At the time of the order, 150 privately owned aircraft were being stored at the airport.[13]

The shipyard was one of seven constructed by industrialist Henry J. Kaiser on the U.S. west coast—three in the Portland–Vancouver area and four in Richmond, California—to help meet the production demands of the U.S. Maritime Commission in World War II. Swan Island became the site of Kaiser's third Northwest shipyard (the others being the Oregon Shipbuilding Corporation in North Portland's St. Johns neighborhood, and the Vancouver Shipyard in Vancouver, Washington).[14][15] The Port of Portland leased the Swan Island airport to the federal government in March 1942.[16][17] The completed Swan Island Shipyard had a total of 8 shipways and began production in July 1942.[18] The shipyard was one of four in the U.S. specifically designed to produce T2 tankers, producing 153 by the end of the war.[19][20]

Kaiser's Northwest shipyards together employed over 97,000 workers and produced over 700 ships.[21] Due to the high number of men drafted into the military, the Kaiser shipyards employed many women and African American workers.[22] In 1944, 1,261 of the workers at the Swan Island Yard were black, the second highest number at the Northwest shipyards.[23] Swan Island also included a 24-hour day care facility to help accommodate mothers who were working at the shipyard.[24][25][26]

Kaiser's dry dock and ship repair facilities were acquired by the Port of Portland in 1948.[27] There had been some dispute about whether Swan Island should continue to be used as an industrial area or re-appropriated for aviation purposes.[28][29] Oregon voters approved an $84 million bond to expand the shipyard in the late 1970s.[30] The Port of Portland sold the facilities to shipbuilder Cascade General in 2000 at a cost of $30.8 million.[31][32]

Industrial park

Swan Island is currently the location of a {{convert|430|acre|ha|adj=on}} industrial park managed by the Port of Portland.[33] There is also industrial development in the adjacent Mocks Bottom area, a natural wetland that was filled in the 1960s.[34][35] Shipbuilder Vigor Industrial is headquartered at Swan Island, where it operates a {{convert|60|acre|ha|adj=on}} shipyard with three dry docks.[36] Swan Island is also the headquarters of Daimler Trucks North America.[37][38] FedEx and UPS have packaging and distribution centers at the site.[39][40] As of 2008, more than 10,000 people were employed at the Swan Island industrial area.[41]

Notes

1. ^{{cite web |author=William F. Willingham |title=Swan Island |website=Oregon Encyclopedia |publisher=Oregon Historical Society |url=https://oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/swan_island/#.XDFNOc9KjjA |access-date=2019-01-07}}
2. ^{{cite news |title=River Obstacle May Be Removed |work=Morning Oregonian |location=Portland, Ore |date=October 4, 1914 |page=18 |url=https://oregonnews.uoregon.edu/lccn/sn83025138/1913-10-04/ed-1/seq-18/}}
3. ^{{cite news |title=Removal of Swan Island Advocated |work=Sunday Oregonian |date=April 3, 1910 |at=Sec. 3, p. 10 |url=https://oregonnews.uoregon.edu/lccn/sn83045782/1910-04-03/ed-1/seq-42/}}
4. ^{{cite news |title=Swan Island Purchase by Port of Portland Is Urged |work=Sunday Oregonian |date=August 22, 1915 |at=Sec. 1, p. 10 |url=https://oregonnews.uoregon.edu/lccn/sn83045782/1915-08-22/ed-1/seq-10/}}
5. ^{{cite news |title=$10,000,000 Asked to Develop Port: Plan Includes Purchasing of Swan Island |work=Morning Oregonian |date=March 25, 1920 |page=1 |url=https://oregonnews.uoregon.edu/lccn/sn83025138/1920-03-25/ed-1/seq-1/}}
6. ^{{cite news |title=New Port Project to be Viewed Today |work=Morning Oregonian |date=March 26, 1920 |page=6 |url=https://oregonnews.uoregon.edu/lccn/sn83025138/1920-03-26/ed-1/seq-6/}}
7. ^{{cite news |title=Swan Island Development Project is for Greater Port |work=Sunday Oregonian |date=April 4, 1920 |at=sec. 4, p. 6 |url=https://oregonnews.uoregon.edu/lccn/sn83045782/1920-04-04/ed-1/seq-64/}}
8. ^{{cite news |title=Port of Portland Buys Swan Island |work=Morning Oregonian |date=December 9, 1921 |page=1 |url=https://oregonnews.uoregon.edu/lccn/sn83025138/1921-12-09/ed-1/seq-1/}}
9. ^{{cite journal |author1=Karin Dibling |author2=Julie Kay Martin |author3=Meghan Stone Olson |author4=Gayle Webb |title=Guild's Lake Industrial District: The Process of Change Over Time |work=Oregon Historical Quarterly |date=Spring 2006 |volume=107 |issue=1 |page=102 |jstor=20615612 |display-authors=2}}
10. ^{{cite magazine |title=Building an Airport With Dredges |work=Scientific American |date=September 1927 |volume=137 |issue=3 |page=233}}
11. ^{{cite news |title=Dredges to Work on West Channel: Swan Island Causeway Fill to Be Completed |work=Morning Oregonian |date=November 11, 1927 |page=4}}
12. ^{{cite news |title=Portland Leading in Aviation Work |work=Sunday Oregonian |date=January 1, 1928 |at=Sec. 1, p. 10}}
13. ^{{cite news |author=Gerry Weaver |title=Swan Island Plane Owners Don't Know Where to Fly |work=Oregonian |date=March 6, 1942 |page=16}}
14. ^{{cite news |author=Tom Vogt |title=Working on the war effort at Vancouver’s Kaiser Shipyard |work=The Columbian |location=Vancouver, Wash |date=August 18, 2013 |url=http://www.columbian.com/news/2013/aug/19/war-effort-clark-county-kaiser-shipyard/ |access-date=2019-01-14}}
15. ^{{cite news |author=Allan Brettman |title=Shipbuilder Vigor picks Vancouver for Army landing craft manufacturing |work=The Columbian |date=February 1, 2019 |url=https://www.columbian.com/news/2019/feb/01/shipbuilder-choses-vancouver-for-army-landing-craft-manufacturing-site/ |access-date=2019-02-02}}
16. ^{{cite news |title=Swan Isle Airport Leased to U.S. for Shipbuilding |work=Oregonian |date=March 10, 1942 |at=Sec. 3, p. 3}}
17. ^{{cite news |title=Once Scenic Swan Island Yields Its Beauty to the Need for Tankers |work=Oregonian |date=April 13, 1942 |at=Sec. 3, p. 4}}
18. ^{{cite news |title=Swan Island Industrial Project for War Takes Form; 5000 Workers There Now; 40,000 Due Later This Year |work=Sunday Oregonian |date=July 26, 1942 |at=Sec. 1, p. 21}}
19. ^{{cite web |title=Kaiser Swan Island, Portland OR |website=Shipbuilding History |url=http://shipbuildinghistory.com/shipyards/emergencylarge/kswanisland.htm |access-date=2019-01-25}}
20. ^{{cite web |title=Kaiser Company, Swan Island |website=T2tanker.org |url=http://www.t2tanker.org/display-tankers-test.php?t2table=kaiser |access-date=2019-01-25}}
21. ^{{cite web |author=Gordon Oliver |title=Kaiser Shipyards |website=Oregon Encyclopedia |publisher=Oregon Historical Society |access-date=2019-01-08 |url=https://oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/kaiser_shipyards/#.XDUjKs9KjjA}}
22. ^{{cite web |title=African American and Women Workers in World War II |website=Oregon History Project |publisher=Oregon Historical Society |url=https://oregonhistoryproject.org/narratives/this-land-oregon/oregon-in-depression-and-war-1925-1945/african-american-and-women-workers-in-world-war-ii/#.XDzlys9KjjA |access-date=2019-02-03}}
23. ^The Vancouver yard had 3,624 black workers, while Oregon Ship had 685. See {{cite journal |author=Rudy Pearson |title='A Menace to the Neighborhood': Housing and African Americans in Portland, 1941–1945 |journal=Oregon Historical Quarterly |date=Summer 2001 |volume=102 |issue=2 |page=169 |jstor=20615135}}
24. ^{{cite web |title=Child Service Centers, Swan Island shipyards |website=Oregon History Project |publisher=Oregon Historical Society |access-date=2019-01-08 |url=https://oregonhistoryproject.org/articles/child-service-centers-swan-island-shipyards/#.XDUk289KjjA}}
25. ^{{cite web |title=Handbook for New Women Shipyard Workers |work=Oregon History Project |publisher=Oregon Historical Society |url=https://oregonhistoryproject.org/articles/historical-records/handbook-for-new-women-shipyard-workers/#.XDayHc9KjjA |access-date=2019-01-14}}
26. ^{{cite journal |author=James L. Hymes, Jr. |title=The Kaiser Child Service Centers—50 Years Later: Some Memories and Lessons |work=Journal of Education |date=1995 |volume=177 |issue=3 |page=36 |jstor=42742369}}
27. ^{{cite news |title=Portland Shipyard Chronology |work=Oregonian |date=April 15, 2001 |page=D02}}
28. ^{{cite news |title=Swan Island Faults Cited: Report Questions Airport Quality |work=Oregonian |date=December 11, 1946 |page=31}}
29. ^{{cite news |title=Compromise Swan Island Plan Offered |work=Sunday Oregonian |date=December 22, 1946 |at=Sec. 1, p. 18}}
30. ^{{cite news |title=Swan Island Dock: High and Dry? |work=Oregonian |date=April 14, 2001 |page=A01}}
31. ^{{cite news |author=Gail Kinsey Hill |title=Cascade Gets Cash to Buy Shipyard |work=Oregonian |date=June 13, 2000 |page=D01}}
32. ^{{cite news |author=Gail Kinsey Hill |title=Big Things in Shipyard's Future |work=Oregonian |date=June 30, 2000 |page=B01}}
33. ^{{cite web |title=Swan Island Industrial Park |publisher=Port of Portland |url=https://www.portofportland.com/SwanIsland |access-date=2019-01-07}}
34. ^{{cite journal |author=Glen D. Carter |title=Oregon Voices: Pioneering Water Pollution Control in Oregon |work=Oregon Historical Quarterly |date=Summer 2006 |volume=107 |issue=2 |page=269 |jstor=20615637}}
35. ^{{cite news |title=The Cut: Part III |work=St. Johns Review |location=Portland, Ore |date=April 22, 2016 |at=p. 4, col. 5 |url=http://www.stjohnsreview.com/sourcefiles/2015/2016%207-April%2022.pdf#page=4}}
36. ^{{cite web |title=Portland, OR Facilities |publisher=Vigor Industrial |url=http://vigor.net/facilities/portland |access-date=2019-01-11}}
37. ^{{cite web |title=Corporate Headquarters |publisher=Daimler Trucks North America |url=https://daimler-trucksnorthamerica.com/innovate/corporate-headquarters/ |access-date=2019-01-11}}
38. ^{{cite news |author=Mike Rogoway |title=Daimler new HQ ready for next 40 years |work=Oregonian |date=April 20, 2016 |page=B09}}
39. ^{{cite news |author=Anna Marum |title=FedEx opens Portland facility as Amazon eyes shipping industry |work=OregonLive |date=April 6, 2016 |url=https://www.oregonlive.com/window-shop/index.ssf/2016/04/fedex_swan_island_amazon.html |access-date=2019-01-11}}
40. ^{{cite news |author=Kristian Foden-Vencil |title=UPS Opens Expanded Swan Island Facility |publisher=Oregon Public Broadcasting |date=July 30, 2010 |url=https://www.opb.org/news/article/ups-opens-expanded-swan-island-facility/ |access-date=2019-01-11}}
41. ^{{cite news |author=Ted Sickinger |title=Swan Island buzzes despite departures |work=Oregonian |date=October 19, 2008 |page=C1}}

Sources

  • {{cite book |last=Kesselman |first=Amy |title=Fleeting Opportunities: Women Shipyard Workers in Portland and Vancouver During World War II and Reconversion |location=Albany |publisher=State University of New York Press |date=1990 |isbn=0-7914-0174-X |ref=harv}}
  • {{cite book |last=MacColl |first=E. Kimbark |title=The Growth of a City: Power and Politics in Portland, Oregon 1915 to 1950 |location=Portland, Ore. |publisher=Georgian Press |date=1979 |isbn=0-9603408-1-5 |ref=harv}}
  • {{cite book |last1=Sawyer |first1=L. A. |last2=Mitchell |first2=W. H. |title=Victory Ships and Tankers: The History of the Victory Type Cargo Ships and of the Tankers Built in the United States of America During World War II |location=Newton Abbot, England |publisher=David & Charles |date=1974 |isbn=0-7153-6036-1 |ref=harv}}
  • {{cite book |last=Willingham |first=William F. |title=Army Engineers and the Development of Oregon: A History of the Portland District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Government Printing Office |date=1983 |oclc=11317858 |ref=harv}}

Further reading

  • {{cite book |author=Quintard Taylor |chapter='There Was No Better Place to Go': The Transformation Thesis Revisited, African American Migration to the Pacific Northwest, 1940–1950 |editor=Paul W. Hirt |title=Terra Pacifica: People and Place in the Northwest States and Western Canada |location=Pullman |publisher=Washington State University Press |date=1998 |isbn=0-87422-163-3}}
  • {{cite book |author=Manly Maben |title=Vanport |location=Portland |publisher=Oregon Historical Society Press |date=1987 |isbn=0-87595-118-X}}
  • {{cite book |author=Arthur Herman |title=Freedom's Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II |location=New York |publisher=Random House |date=2012 |isbn=978-1-4000-6964-4}}

External links

  • {{Commons category-inline|Swan Island (Oregon)}}
  • {{GNIS|1158515}}
{{Coord|45.5606730|-122.7089862|type:isle_source:GNIS-1158515_region:US-OR|format=dms|display=title}}Category:Islands of the Willamette RiverCategory:Industrial parks in the United StatesCategory:Port of Portland (Oregon)Category:Overlook, Portland, OregonCategory:Geography of Portland, OregonCategory:History of Portland, OregonCategory:Landforms of Multnomah County, Oregon
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