| 词条 | Draft:The Hybrid Economy Model |
| 释义 |
The Hybrid Economy Model recognizes the distinctive and dynamic economies of remote and regional Indigenous communities in Australia by taking into account the customary, non-market, or non-capitalist modes of production distinctive to these communities.[1]The model was developed by Jon Altman—professor emeritus at the Australian National University (ANU) and Deakin University, and foundational director of the Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Research (CAEPR)—in 2001, based on his vast experience in remote Indigenous communities.[2]In addition to the standard two-pronged, market/state conceptualisation of a economy, Altman’s model weaves in a third sector, which he terms the customary sector, in order to properly accommodate the non-monetised activities which he witnesses sustaining Indigenous lifeways and affirming Indigenous connections to county, such as fishing, hunting, gathering, and diverse forms of cultural production and participation.[3] Positioning the Hybrid Economy ModelThe model offers both an analytical framework, to consider the distinct characteristics of Indigenous economies, as well as a critical development or progressive policy framework.[4] For Altman, the cultivation of the customary sector, alongside state and market sectors is an essential element in fostering sustainable livelihoods on the Indigenous estate.[5] Drawing on decades of observation and fieldwork, Altman’s Hybrid Economy Model, identifies the ways in which Indigenous economies are already working and so identifies an alternate approach to development that aligns with diverse Indigenous aspirations informed by both structuring colonial history and local agency. Development strategies that aim for a hybrid economy, enriching the customary sector rather than simply privileging industrial capitalism as hegemonic development discourse does, can accommodate the values and aspirations of kin-based societies.[6] In a disciplinary sense, the hybrid economy model can be situated as part of alternate or critical post-development studies[7]. It represents a means to critique sets of persistent interrelated binaries in development discourse, including ‘real’/‘unreal’, ‘Indigenous’/‘non-Indigenous’, ‘market’/‘nonmarket’ and ‘public’/‘private’.[8] Altman has utilized the hybrid economy model in submissions and other publicly available policy critiques and proposals.[9][10][11] Indeed, the Hybrid Economy Model theorization evolved from Altman’s original observations and rigorous documentation of relations of production, distribution, exchange and consumption at Kuninjku outstations/homelands in western Arnhem Land in 1979 and 1980 when undertaking his doctoral fieldwork.[12][13] Since 2001, Altman has refined the model and its theorisation with reference to change and continuity in the Kuninjku economy much exogenously influenced by changes in government policy observed over 4 decades. Applications of the Hybrid Economy ModelThe hybrid economy model has been widely used, by Altman and others, to examine diverse regional and remote Aboriginal contexts and issues.[14] [15][16][17][18][19][20][21] Altman draws many of his examples and discussions of economic hybridity from his research on natural and cultural resource management and cultural production for market exchange.[22] [23] His work on Indigenous community-based ranger programs, such as the Working on Country and Indigenous Protected Area programs, illustrates the dynamics relationship between state, market and customary sectors. While the state or market sector funds rangers, through the ranger programs, to provide contracted environmental management and carbon abatement, Indigenous ranger groups draw upon customary knowledge, skills, and forms of governance. Through such activities, Indigenous rangers are able to draw state and corporate sector while simultaneously cultivating and maintaining customary knowledge systems and residence on their ancestral lands. In the decade since the genesis of the Working on Country program, Indigenous ranger programs are have been evaluated as extremely successful by independent reviewers such as Social Ventures Australia. Socially, the ranger programs are seen as a positive opportunity for Indigenous populations, as well as an ideal framework the intergenerational sharing of knowledge in communities.[24] Documented social outcomes include savings and better conditions in remote communities where Indigenous Protected Areas and Ranger programs are operating. The Hybrid Economy Model has been widely used in the context of Indigenous natural resource management (fresh water, fisheries and feral animal controls) by other scholars. Similarly, Altman and others have used the Hybrid Economy Model to illustrate the overlapping interests and impacts of Indigenous art and cultural production for state, market, and customary purposes.[25] [26][27]Altman uses hybridity not just in relation to livelihood activities; he also applies the concept to the particular relationships and institutions that structure economic life.[28] Several authors mention the hybrid economy and position it as representative of a particular take on Aboriginal economic development and Aboriginal affairs more generally.[29] The Hybrid Economy Model and the ‘Real Economy’The Hybrid Economy Model, alongside Altman’s advocacy and policy engagement, has garnered media interest in addition to academic engagement.[29] The model is the main alternative in the literature in Australia to Noel Pearson’s concept of ‘the real economy.’ [30] Marcia Langton asserts that Altman’s hybrid economy framework does not apply to the locations where she and Noel Pearson have been working to reduce welfare dependency and poverty through market engagement. The ‘real economy’ construct, which rose to prominence in Australian Indigenous economic policy in the writings of Noel Pearson from the year 2000[31][32], is the key counterpoint to the hybrid economy approach. Pearson employs this term to describe economic forms where what people consume is shaped by what they produce. He contrasts the ‘real economy’ with the ‘gammon economy of passive welfare’, which Pearson sees as ‘unreal’ because there is no requirement to work in return for personal security or sustenance. Altman argues, in turn, that the ‘real’ economy in remote Indigenous Australia is the hybrid economy, because it reduces the high risk of market dependence, increases existing competitive advantages, and is in many instances a more realistic representation of existing livelihood opportunities and aspirations in remote and regional Australia than mainstream approaches that focus on engagement with capitalism alone.[28] Altman’s model has not been widely adopted by policy makers and leaders, but it informs many community-based 'bottom up' initiatives and has gained traction in some policy debates as mainstream solutions to fundamentally different Indigenous circumstances continue to to fail. [29] References1. ^{{Cite book|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.26530/oapen_459470|title=Power, Culture, Economy (CAEPR 30) : Indigenous Australians and Mining|last=Altman|first=Jon|last2=Martin|first2=David|date=2009|publisher=ANU Press|isbn=9781921536878}} 2. ^{{Cite book|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.26530/oapen_459470|title=Power, Culture, Economy (CAEPR 30) : Indigenous Australians and Mining|last=Altman|first=Jon|last2=Martin|first2=David|date=2009|publisher=ANU Press|isbn=9781921536878}} 3. ^{{Cite journal|last=Jeuland|first=Marc|last2=Baker|first2=Justin|last3=Bartlett|first3=Ryan|last4=Lacombe|first4=Guillaume|date=2014-10-01|title=The costs of uncoordinated infrastructure management in multi-reservoir river basins|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/10/105006|journal=Environmental Research Letters|volume=9|issue=10|pages=105006|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/9/10/105006|issn=1748-9326}} 4. ^{{Cite journal|last=Curchin|first=Katherine|date=2013|title=Interrogating the hybrid economy approach to Indigenous development|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1839-4655.2013.tb00269.x|journal=Australian Journal of Social Issues|volume=48|issue=1|pages=15–34|doi=10.1002/j.1839-4655.2013.tb00269.x|issn=0157-6321|via=}} 5. ^{{Citation|last=Altman|first=Jon|title=The Indigenous hybrid economy: Can the NATSISS adequately recognise difference|date=2012|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.22459/caepr32.11.2012.09|work=Survey Analysis for Indigenous Policy in Australia: Social Sciences Perspectives|volume=|pages=|publisher=ANU Press|isbn=9781922144195|access-date=2019-01-31|last2=Biddle|first2=Nicholas|last3=Buchanan|first3=Geoff}} 6. ^{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1061300105|title=Postdevelopment in practice : alternatives, economies, ontologies|others=Klein, Elise, 1983-, Morreo, Carlos Eduardo,|isbn=9781138588653|location=Abingdon, Oxon|oclc=1061300105}} 7. ^{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1061300105|title=Postdevelopment in practice : alternatives, economies, ontologies|others=Klein, Elise, 1983-, Morreo, Carlos Eduardo,|isbn=9781138588653|location=Abingdon, Oxon|oclc=1061300105}} 8. ^{{Citation|last=Buchanan|first=Geoff|title=From Samoa to CAEPR via Mumeka: The hybrid economy comes of age|date=2016-04-20|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.22459/caepr35.04.2016.02|work=Engaging Indigenous Economy: Debating diverse approaches|publisher=ANU Press|isbn=9781760460044|access-date=2019-01-31}} 9. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.aph.gov.au/DocumentStore.ashx?id=16101185-3917-46f6-a99e-4eb347adf89a|title=Submission to the Senate Community Affairs Standing Committee Inquiry into the Stronger Futures in the Northern Territory and Social Security Amendment Bills 2011, Submission No. 360|last=Altman|first=Jon|date=2011|website=Parliament of Australia|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 10. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.aph.gov.au/parliamentary_business/committees/house_of_representatives_committees?url=economics/taxlawsno6/subs/sub002-professor%20jon%20altman.pdf|title=Submission to the Treasury Inquiry into the Tax treatment of Native Title Benefits|last=Altman|first=Jon|date=2012|website=Parliament of Australia|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 11. ^{{Cite journal|last=Curchin|first=Katherine|date=2013|title=Interrogating the hybrid economy approach to Indigenous development|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1839-4655.2013.tb00269.x|journal=Australian Journal of Social Issues|volume=48|issue=1|pages=15–34|doi=10.1002/j.1839-4655.2013.tb00269.x|issn=0157-6321|via=}} 12. ^{{Cite journal|last=Layton|first=Robert|last2=Altman|first2=J. C.|date=1991|title=Hunter-Gatherers Today: An Aboriginal Economy in North Australia.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2803491|journal=Man|volume=26|issue=1|pages=172|doi=10.2307/2803491|issn=0025-1496|via=}} 13. ^{{Cite journal|last=Layton|first=Robert|last2=Altman|first2=J. C.|date=1991|title=Hunter-Gatherers Today: An Aboriginal Economy in North Australia.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2803491|journal=Man|volume=26|issue=1|pages=172|doi=10.2307/2803491|issn=0025-1496|via=}} 14. ^{{Cite book|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.26530/oapen_459470|title=Power, Culture, Economy (CAEPR 30) : Indigenous Australians and Mining|last=Altman|first=Jon|last2=Martin|first2=David|date=2009|publisher=ANU Press|isbn=9781921536878}} 15. ^{{Cite journal|last=Altman|first=Jon|last2=Cochrane|first2=Michelle|date=2005|title=Sustainable development in the indigenous-owned savanna: innovative institutional design for cooperative wildlife management|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr04074|journal=Wildlife Research|volume=32|issue=5|pages=473|doi=10.1071/wr04074|issn=1035-3712}} 16. ^{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/223656186|title=Caring for country and sustainable indigenous development : opportunities, constraints and innovation|last=1954-|first=Altman, Jon C.,|date=2003|publisher=Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Research|isbn=0731549198|oclc=223656186}} 17. ^{{Cite journal|last=KWAN|first=DONNA|last2=MARSH|first2=HELENE|last3=DELEAN|first3=STEVEN|date=June 2006|title=Factors influencing the sustainability of customary dugong hunting by a remote indigenous community|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892906002992|journal=Environmental Conservation|volume=33|issue=02|pages=164–171|doi=10.1017/s0376892906002992|issn=0376-8929}} 18. ^{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/902804295|title=Living in two camps : the stategies Goldfields Aboriginal people use to manage in the customary and the mainstream economy at the same time|last=Howard.|first=Sercombe,|date=2008|oclc=902804295}} 19. ^{{Citation|last=Keen|first=Ian|title=Indigenous Participation in Australian Economies: Historical and anthropological perspectives|date=2010|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.22459/ipae.12.2010.01|work=|volume=|pages=|publisher=ANU Press|isbn=9781921666865|access-date=2019-01-31}} 20. ^{{Cite journal|last=Buchanan|first=Geoff|date=2013-04-12|title=Hybrid economy research in remote Indigenous Australia: seeing and supporting the customary in community food economies|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2013.787973|journal=Local Environment|volume=19|issue=1|pages=10–32|doi=10.1080/13549839.2013.787973|issn=1354-9839}} 21. ^{{Cite journal|last=Jackson|first=Sue|last2=Palmer|first2=Lisa R.|date=2014-06-26|title=Reconceptualizing ecosystem services|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309132514540016|journal=Progress in Human Geography|volume=39|issue=2|pages=122–145|doi=10.1177/0309132514540016|issn=0309-1325}} 22. ^{{Cite journal|last=de Rijke|first=Kim|date=December 2013|title=People on Country: Vital Landscapes, Indigenous Futures J. Altman, S. Kerins (eds.) Annandale, NSW: The Federation Press, 2012. xxii + 250 pp., appendices, index. ISBN: 978-1862878938. AUD $39.95 (Pb.).|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/taja.12065|journal=The Australian Journal of Anthropology|volume=24|issue=3|pages=359–361|doi=10.1111/taja.12065|issn=1035-8811}} 23. ^{{Cite journal|last=de Rijke|first=Kim|date=December 2013|title=People on Country: Vital Landscapes, Indigenous Futures J. Altman, S. Kerins (eds.) Annandale, NSW: The Federation Press, 2012. xxii + 250 pp., appendices, index. ISBN: 978-1862878938. AUD $39.95 (Pb.).|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/taja.12065|journal=The Australian Journal of Anthropology|volume=24|issue=3|pages=359–361|doi=10.1111/taja.12065|issn=1035-8811}} 24. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.australianwildlife.org/field-updates/2017/groundbreaking-partnership-to-protect-800-000-hectares-of-the-coastal-kimberley.aspx|title=Dambimangari partnership to protect 800,000 hectares of the coastal Kimberley|last=|first=|date=December 2017|work=Australian Wildlife Conservancy|access-date=}} 25. ^{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/56650244|title=Crossing country : the alchemy of Western Arnhem Land art|last=Hetti.|first=Perkins,|date=2004|publisher=Art Gallery of New South Wales|isbn=073476359X|oclc=56650244}} 26. ^{{Cite book|title=A brief social history of Kuninjku art and the market, in C. Volkenandt and C. Kaufmann (eds) Between Indigenous Australia and Europe: John Mawurndjul, Art Histories in Context series|last=Altman|first=Jon|publisher=Reimer|year=2009|isbn=|location=Berlin|pages=19-28}} 27. ^{{Cite journal|last=Koenig|first=Jennifer|last2=Altman|first2=Jon|last3=Griffiths|first3=Anthony D.|date=2011|title=Indigenous Livelihoods and Art Income: participation, production and returns from woodcarvings in Arnhem Land, north Australia|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049182.2011.619952|journal=Australian Geographer|volume=42|issue=4|pages=351–369|doi=10.1080/00049182.2011.619952|issn=0004-9182|via=}} 28. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://caepr.cass.anu.edu.au/sites/default/files/docs/2018/7/Hybrid_Economy_Topic_Guide_1.pdf|title=The Hybrid Economy Topic Guide|last=Russell|first=Susie|date=2011|website=Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Research|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 29. ^1 2 {{Cite news|url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/arts/review/indigenous-policy-academic-jon-altman-and-his-hybrid-economy/news-story/c59b516aceef21bcaf34b0e7772a7007|title=Indigenous policy: academic Jon Altman and his ‘hybrid economy’|last=Rothwell|first=Nicholas|date=June 4, 2016|work=The Australian|access-date=}} 30. ^{{Cite book|title=Up from the Mission: Selected Writings|last=Pearson|first=Noel|publisher=Black Inc|year=2009|isbn=|location=Melbourne|pages=}} 31. ^{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/795760631|title=Up from the mission : selected writings|last=1965-|first=Pearson, Noel,|date=2011|publisher=Read How You Want|isbn=9781863955201|oclc=795760631}} 32. ^{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/225600805|title=Our right to take responsibility|last=1965-|first=Pearson, Noel,|date=2003|publisher=Institute of Public Administration Australia (Victoria)|oclc=225600805}} |
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