| 词条 | Émile Borel |
| 释义 |
| name = Émile Borel | image = Emile Borel-1932.jpg | image_size = 200px | caption = Émile Borel (1932) | birth_date = {{birth date|1871|01|07|df=y}} | birth_place = Saint-Affrique, France | death_date = {{death date and age|1956|02|03|1871|01|07|df=y}} | death_place = Paris, France | nationality = French | fields = Mathematics, politics | workplaces = University of Paris | alma_mater = École Normale Supérieure Paris | thesis_title = Sur quelques points de la théorie des fonctions | thesis_url = http://archive.numdam.org/ARCHIVE/ASENS/ASENS_1895_3_12_/ASENS_1895_3_12__9_0/ASENS_1895_3_12__9_0.pdf | thesis_year = 1893 | doctoral_advisor = Gaston Darboux | doctoral_students = {{unbulleted list|Paul Dienes|Henri Lebesgue|Paul Montel|Georges Valiron}} | known_for = Measure theory, Probability theory | awards = }} Félix Édouard Justin Émile Borel ({{IPA-fr|bɔʁɛl|lang}}; 7 January 1871 – 3 February 1956)[1] was a French mathematician[2] and politician. As a mathematician, he was known for his founding work in the areas of measure theory and probability. BiographyBorel was born in Saint-Affrique, Aveyron, the son of a Protestant pastor.[3] He studied at the Collège Sainte-Barbe and Lycée Louis-le-Grand before applying to both the École normale supérieure and the École Polytechnique. Although he qualified in the first position for both, he chose to attend the former institution in 1889. That year he won the concours général, an annual national mathematics competition. After graduating in 1892, he placed first in the agrégation, a competitive civil service examination leading to the position of professeur agrégé. His thesis, published in 1893, was titled Sur quelques points de la théorie des fonctions ("On some points in the theory of functions"). That year, Borel started a four-year stint as a lecturer at the University of Lille, during which time he published 22 research papers. He returned to the École normale in 1897, and was appointed to the chair of theory of function, which he held until 1941.[4] In 1901, Borel married 17-year-old Marguerite, the daughter of colleague Paul Émile Appel; she later wrote more than 30 novels under the pseudonym Camille Marbo. Émile Borel died in Paris on 3 February 1956.[4] WorkAlong with René-Louis Baire and Henri Lebesgue, Émile Borel was among the pioneers of measure theory and its application to probability theory. The concept of a Borel set is named in his honor. One of his books on probability introduced the amusing thought experiment that entered popular culture under the name infinite monkey theorem or the like. He also published a series of papers (1921–27) that first defined games of strategy.[5] With the development of statistical hypothesis testing in the early 1900s various tests for randomness were proposed. Sometimes these were claimed to have some kind of general significance, but mostly they were just viewed as simple practical methods. In 1909, Borel formulated the notion that numbers picked randomly on the basis of their value are almost always normal, and with explicit constructions in terms of digits, it is quite straightforward to get numbers that are normal.[6] In 1913 and 1914 he bridged the gap between hyperbolic geometry and special relativity with expository work. For instance, his book Introduction Geometrique à quelques Théories Physiques[7] described hyperbolic rotations as transformations that leave a hyperbola stable just as a circle around a rotational center is stable. In 1928 he co-founded Institut Henri Poincaré in Paris. Political careerIn the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s, he was active in politics. In 1922, he founded Paris Institute of Statistics, the oldest French school for statistics. From 1924 to 1936, he was a member of the French National Assembly. In 1925, he was Minister of Marine in the cabinet of fellow mathematician Paul Painlevé. During the Second World War, he was a member of the French Resistance. HonorsBesides the Centre Émile Borel at the Institut Henri Poincaré in Paris and a crater on the Moon, the following mathematical notions are named after him: {{div col|colwidth=25em}}
Borel also described a poker model which he coins La Relance in his 1938 book Applications de la théorie des probabilités aux Jeux de Hasard.[8] Borel was awarded the Resistance Medal in 1950.[4] Works{{div col|colwidth=25em}}{{refbegin}}
Articles
References1. ^{{DSB |first=Kenneth | last=May | title=Borel, Émile | volume=2 | pages=302–305 }} 2. ^Émile Borel's biography - Université Lille Nord de France 3. ^{{cite book |author=McElroy, Tucker |title=A to Z of Mathematicians |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MiZIWtX9AJUC&pg=PA46 |year=2009 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-1-4381-0921-3 |page=46}} 4. ^1 2 {{cite book |author=Chang, Sooyoung |title=Academic Genealogy of Mathematicians |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4siw31DPONUC&pg=PA107 |year=2011 |publisher=World Scientific |isbn=978-981-4282-29-1 |page=107}} 5. ^"Émile Borel," Encyclopædia Britannica 6. ^{{cite book|last=Wolfram|first=Stephen|title=A New Kind of Science|publisher=Wolfram Media, Inc.|year=2002|page=1068|isbn=1-57955-008-8}} 7. ^Émile Borel (1914) Introduction Geometrique à quelques Théories Physiques, Gauthier-Villars, link from Cornell University Historical Math Monographs 8. ^Émile Borel and Jean Ville. Applications de la théorie des probabilités aux jeux de hasard. Gauthier-Vilars, 1938 External links
26 : 1871 births|1956 deaths|People from Aveyron|Politicians from Occitanie|Radical Party (France) politicians|Republican-Socialist Party politicians|Ministers of Marine|Members of the 13th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic|Members of the 14th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic|Members of the 15th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic|Mayors of places in France|19th-century French mathematicians|20th-century French mathematicians|Probability theorists|Measure theorists|Lycée Louis-le-Grand alumni|École Normale Supérieure alumni|Lille University of Science and Technology faculty|Members of the French Academy of Sciences|French military personnel of World War I|French Resistance members|Grand Croix of the Légion d'honneur|Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France)|Recipients of the Resistance Medal|Mathematician politicians|Intellectual Cooperation |
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