| 词条 | Draft:Xanthine oxidase inhibitors from natural sources |
| 释义 |
SummeryThe increased level of uric acid which is known as hyperuricemia plays an important role in the development of gout which occurs as a result of increased uric acid production, impaired renal uric acid execration or both! Uric acid which is derived from purine catabolism is soluble in extracellular body fluids and any change in its concentration can lead to super saturation and precipitation of crystals in synovial fluid therefore leading to attacks of painful arthritis such as Gout.[1] Such for the need to control the increased level of uric acid is a must; mainly they are controlled using drugs such as allopurinol[2] ,which is a Xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitor the enzyme that catalyzes the production of uric acid [3] however its use has been associated with many adverse effects such as gastrointestinal intolerance and skin rash[4][5][6][7][8] The main challenge is finding XO inhibitor that is both safe and effective for long term clinical use , the look for that in natural sources is needed because they have lower side effects than synthetic chemicals.[9] Free radicals are atoms or groups of atoms with an odd (unpaired) number of electrons and can be formed when oxygen interacts with certain molecules they are highly unstable and has been involved in many diseases such as stroke, DM, liver diseases cancer and Alzheimer’s disease. Xanthine oxidase (XO) is an important biological generator of oxygen free radicals.[10][11][12] Synthetic xanthine oxidase inhibitorsAllopurinolIt inhibits conversion of hypoxanthine to xanthine to uric acid; decreases production of uric acid without disrupting synthesis of vital purines.[13][14][15][16] FebuxostatIt inhibits conversion of hypoxanthine to xanthine to uric acid; at therapeutic dosages, decreases production of uric acid without disrupting synthesis of vital purines and pyrimidines.[17][18][19][20] Natural plants with XO inhibitor activityHyoscyamus reticulatusWhich is a medicinal plant rich in tropane alkaloids, mainly hyoscyamine and scopolamine widely used for their mydriatic, antispasmodic,anticholinergic, analgesic and sedative properties Other secondary metabolites detected in Hyoscyamus species include: flavonoids, chlorogenic acid, tannins, and coumarins These metabolites have been suggested to have significant anti-inflammatory and free radical scavenging (antioxidant) activities.[21][22] Tribulus arabicusTraditionally are known in preventative medicine as an enhancer of testosterone and are taken as a supplement to enhance sexual urges among both men and women. Genus Tribulus can be of great use to people who need help against infections. Moreover, the genus has shown 'significant' protection against the deposition of kidney stone-forming material, in addition to inhibiting elevations in blood urea levels. Phytochemical investigations on genus Tribulus revealed the presence of a variety of chemical constituents that are medicinally important such as flavonoids, flavonol glycosides, beta-sitosterols or stigma, steroidal saponins, triterpenes and alkaloids. The aqueous extract of Tribulus terrestris significantly reduced the excretion of oxalate, calcium, and phosphate in addition it decreased the levels of blood urea nitrogen, uric acid and creatinine in rats' serum.[23] Other plantsSalvia spinosa L. (Lamiaceae), Chrysanthemum coronarium L. (Asteraceae), Anthemis palestina Reut. ex Boiss. (Asteraceae), Achillea biebersteinii Afansiev (Asteraceae), Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Lamiaceace), and Ginkgo biloba L. (Ginkgoaceae), caffeic acid (Cyathea spinulosa), Phytic acid , lithospermic acid (Salvia mitiorrhiza) , Cinnamaldehyde (leaves of Cinnamomumosmophloeum ), tetrahydroxymentoflavone (THA) Seeds of Semecarpus.anacardium. [24] [25] [26][27] |
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