“Ł”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Ł or ł, described in English as L with stroke, is a letter of the West Slavic (Polish, Kashubian, and Sorbian), Łacinka (Latin Belarusian), Łatynka (Latin Ukrainian), Wymysorys, Navajo, Dene Suline, Inupiaq, Zuni, Hupa, and Dogrib alphabets, several proposed alphabets for the Venetian language, and the ISO 11940 romanization of the Thai alphabet. In Slavic languages, it represents the continuation of Proto-Slavic non-palatal l (dark L), except in Polish, Kashubian, and Sorbian, where it evolved further into {{IPA|/w/}}. In most non-European languages, it represents a voiceless alveolar lateral fricative or similar sound.

Glyph shape

In normal typefaces, the letter has a stroke approximately in the middle of the vertical stem, passing it at an angle between 70° and 45°, never perpendicularly. In cursive handwriting and typefaces that imitate it, the capital letter has a horizontal stroke through the middle and looks almost exactly the same as the pound sign {{angbr|£}}. In the cursive lowercase letter, the stroke is also horizontal and placed on top of the letter instead of going through the middle of the stem, which would not be distinguishable from the letter t. The stroke is either straight or slightly wavy, depending on the style. Unlike {{angbr|l}}, the letter {{angbr|ł}} is usually written without a noticeable loop at the top. Most publicly available multilingual cursive typefaces, including commercial ones, feature an incorrect glyph for {{angbr|ł}}.^[1]

A rare variant of the {{angbr|ł}} glyph is a cursive double-ł ligature, used in words such as {{lang|pl|Jagiełło}}, {{lang|pl|Radziwiłł}} or {{lang|pl|Ałłach}} (archaic: Allah), where the strokes at the top of the letters are joined into a single stroke.^[1]

Polish

In Polish, {{angbr|Ł}} is used to distinguish historical dark (velarized) L from clear L. The Polish {{angbr|Ł}} now sounds the same as the English {{angbr|w}}, as in water.

In 1440, {{ill|Jakub Parkoszowic|pl}} proposed a letter resembling

to represent clear L. For dark L he suggested {{angbr|l}} with a stroke running in the opposite direction to the modern version.{{Citation needed|reason=Please specify the exact location of such a letter in the facsimile in Kucała's edition.|date=September 2017}} The latter was introduced in 1514–1515 by Stanisław Zaborowski in his Orthographia seu modus recte scribendi et legendi Polonicum idioma quam utilissimus. L with stroke originally represented a velarized alveolar lateral approximant {{IPA|[ɫ]}},^[2] a pronunciation that is preserved in the eastern part of Poland^[3] and among the Polish minority in Lithuania, Belarus, and Ukraine. This pronunciation is similar to Russian unpalatalised {{angbr|Л}} in native words and grammar forms.

In modern Polish, {{angbr|Ł}} is normally pronounced {{IPA|/w/}} (exactly as w in English as a consonant, as in will).^[4] This pronunciation first appeared among Polish lower classes in the 16th century. It was considered an uncultured accent by the upper classes (who pronounced {{angbr|Ł}} as {{IPA|/ɫ/}}) until the mid-20th century when this distinction gradually began to fade.

The shift from {{IPA|[ɫ]}} to {{IPA|[w]}} in Polish has affected all instances of dark L, even word-initially or intervocalically, e.g. ładny ("pretty, nice") is pronounced {{IPA|[ˈwadnɨ]}}, słowo ("word") is {{IPA|[ˈswɔvɔ]}}, and ciało ("body") is {{IPA|[ˈtɕawɔ]}}. Ł often alternates with clear L, such as the plural forms of adjectives and verbs in the past tense that are associated with masculine personal nouns, e.g. mały → mali ({{IPA|[ˈmawɨ]}} → {{IPA|[ˈmali]}}). Alternation is also common in declension of nouns, e.g. from nominative to locative, tło → na tle ({{IPA|[twɔ]}} → {{IPA|[naˈtlɛ]}}).

Polish final Ł also often corresponds to Ukrainian word-final {{angbr|В}} (Cyrillic) and Belarusian {{angbr|Ў}} (Cyrillic). Thus, "he gave" is "dał" in Polish, "дав" in Ukrainian, "даў" in Belarusian (all pronounced {{IPA|[daw]}}), but "дал" {{IPA|[daɫ]}} in Russian. The old pronunciation {{IPA|[ɫ]}} of Ł is still fully understandable but is considered theatrical in most regions.

Examples

In contexts where {{angbr|Ł}} is not available as a glyph, basic L is used instead. Thus, the surname Małecki would be spelled Malecki in a foreign country. Similarly, the stroke is sometimes omitted on the internet, as may happen with all diacritic-enhanced letters. Leaving out the diacritic does not impede communication for native speakers, but it may be confusing for those learning Polish.

In the 1980s, when some computers available in Poland lacked Polish diacritics, it was common practice to use a pound sterling sign (£) for Ł. This practice ceased as soon as DOS-based and Mac computers came with a code page for such characters.

Other languages

In Belarusian Łacinka (both in the 1929^[5] and 1962^[6]^[7] versions), {{angbr|Ł}} corresponds to Cyrillic {{angbr|Л}}, and is normally pronounced {{IPA|/ɫ/}} (almost exactly as in English pull).

In Navajo, {{angbr|Ł}} is used for a voiceless alveolar lateral fricative {{IPA|/ɬ/}}, like the Welsh {{angbr|Ll}}.^[8]

In Venetian, {{angbr|Ł}} is used as substitution for {{angbr|L}} in many words in which the pronunciation of "L" has changed for some dialects, i.e. by becoming voiceless or becoming the sound of the shorter vowel corresponding to {{IPA|/ɰ/}} or {{IPA|/ɛ/}}. For example, "la gondoła" can be pronounced in different Venetian dialects as "la góndola", or "la góndoa", or "la góndoea" with a shorter {{IPA|/ɛ̆/}}.{{Citation needed|date=February 2008}}

When writing IPA for some Scandinavian dialects which involve the pronunciation of a retroflex flap {{IPA|/ɽ/}}, e.g. in Eastern Norwegian dialects, authors may employ {{angbr|Ł}}.{{citation needed|date=June 2018}}

Computer usage

The Unicode codepoints for the letter are U+0142 for the lower case, and U+0141 for the capital.^[12]

In the LaTeX typesetting system {{angbr|Ł}} and {{angbr|ł}} may be typeset with the commands \\L{} and \\l{}, respectively. The HTML-codes are Ł and ł for {{angbr|Ł}} and {{angbr|ł}}, respectively.

Litecoin

The Ł symbol is often associated with the Litecoin crypto-currency. It represents the largest and most common denomination of Litecoin.

See also

References

1. ^¹{{cite web |url=http://www.twardoch.com/download/polishhowto/stroke.html |title=Kreska ukośna |work=Polish Diacritics: how to? |author=Adam Twardoch |date=2009-03-09 |accessdate=2015-10-01 }}
2. ^{{cite book|first1=Joseph Andrew |last1=Teslar |first2=Jadwiga |last2=Teslar, |title=A New Polish Grammar |edition=8th Edition, Revised |location=Edinburgh |publisher=Oliver & Boyd, Ltd. |year=1962 |pp=4 - 5 |quote="ł = English l hard, dental ; ... It is true, of course, that the majority of Poles nowadays pronounce this sound with the lips, exactly like the English w. But this is a careless pronunciation leading eventually to the disappearance of a sound typically Polish (and Russian also ; it has already disappeared from the other Slavonic languages, Czech and Serbian) ... In articulating l, your tongue ... projects considerably beyond the horizontal line separating the gums from the teeth and touches the gums or the palate. To pronounce ł ... the tongue should be held flat and rigid in the bottom of the mouth with the tip just bent upwards sufficiently to touch the edge of the front upper teeth. (On no account should the tongue extend beyond the line separating the teeth from the gums.) Holding the tongue rigidly in this position, a speaker should then pronounce one of the vowels a, o or u, consciously dropping the tongue on each occasion, to obtain the hard ł quite distinct from the soft l."}}
3. ^{{cite book|first1=Oscar E. |last1=Swan |title=First Year Polish |edition=2nd Edition, Revised and Expanded |location=Columbus |publisher=Slavica Publishers |year=1983 |page=xix |quote= "ł (so-called barrel l) is not pronounced like an l except in Eastern dialects and, increasingly infrequently, in stage pronunciation. It is most often pronounced like English w in way, how. "łeb, dała, był, piłka."}}
4. ^{{cite book|first1=B. W. |last1=Mazur, |title=Colloquial Polish |location=London |publisher=Routledge |year=1983 |page=5 |quote="The sounds below exist in English but are pronounced or rendered differently: c ... h[, ] ch ... j ... ł as w in wet[, ] łach ład słowo[; ] r ... w"}}
5. ^{{cite book|first=Б. |last=Тарашкевіч |title=Беларуская граматыка для школ. – Вільня |publisher=Беларуская друкарня ім. Фр. Скарыны, 1929 ; Мн. : «Народная асвета» |year=1991 |edition=Выданьне пятае пераробленае і пашыранае}}
6. ^{{cite book|first=Ян |last=Станкевіч |title=Які мае быць парадак літараў беларускае абэцады |year=1962}}
7. ^{{cite book|first=Ян |last=Станкевіч |title=Збор твораў у двух тамах |volume=2 |publisher=Энцыклапедыкс |year=2002 |isbn=985-6599-46-6}}
8. ^{{cite book|last=Campbell |first=George L. |title=Concise Compendium of the World's Languages |location=London |publisher=Routledge |year=1995 |page=354}}
9. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.native-languages.org/ahtna_guide.htm | title=Ahtna Pronunciation Guide | publisher=Native Languages of the Americas | accessdate=2008-10-05}}
10. ^{{cite web|last=Tuttle |first=Siri G. |url=http://email.eva.mpg.de/rara2006/abstracts_webpage/TUTTLE.pdf |title=Syllabic obstruents in Ahtna Athabaskan |accessdate=2008-10-05 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070623073728/http://email.eva.mpg.de/rara2006/abstracts_webpage/TUTTLE.pdf |archivedate=June 23, 2007 }}
11. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.uaf.edu/anlc/tanacross/writing.html | title=Writing Tanacross Without Special Fonts | publisher=Alaska Native Language Center | date=April 2004 | accessdate=2008-10-05 | last=Holton | first=Gary}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/0142/index.htm|title=Unicode Character 'LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH STROKE' (U+0142)|publisher=FileFormat.info|accessdate=2007-12-20}}