| 词条 | Drosophila neotestacea |
| 释义 |
| image = | image_alt = | image_caption = | status = | status_system = | status_ref = | genus = Drosophila | species = neotestacea | authority = Grimaldi, James, and Jaenike. 1992[1] | synonyms = | synonyms_ref = | subdivision_ranks = | subdivision = }}Drosophila neotestacea is a member of the Testacea species group of Drosophila.[2] Testacea species are specialist fruit flies that breed on the fruiting bodies of mushrooms. These flies will choose to breed on psychoactive mushrooms such as the Fly Agaric Amanita muscaria.[3] Drosophila neotestacea can be found in temperate regions of North America, ranging from the north eastern United States to western Canada.[4] SymbiosisDrosophila neotestacea can harbour bacterial symbionts including Wolbachia and notably Spiroplasma poulsonii. The S. poulsonii strain of D. neotestacea has spread westward across North America due to the selective pressure imposed by the sterilizing nematode parasite Howardula aoronymphium.[5] While S. poulsonii can be found in other Drosophila species, the D. neotestacea strain is unique in defending its host against nematode infestation. Like other S. poulsonii strains, the D. neotestacea strain also protects its host from parasitic wasp infestation.[6]The mechanism through which S. poulsonii protects flies from nematodes and parasitic wasps relies on the presence of toxins called ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs), similar to Sarcin or Ricin.[7][8] These toxins cut a conserved structure in ribosomal RNA, ultimately changing the nucleotide sequence at a specific site. This leaves a signature of RIP attack in nematode and wasp RNA. Spiroplasma poulsonii likely avoids damaging its host fly by carrying parasite-specific complements of RIP toxins encoded on bacterial plasmids. This allows genes for RIP toxins to readily move between species by horizontal gene transfer, as D. neotestacea Spiroplasma RIPs are shared by Spiroplasma of other mushroom-feeding flies, such as Megaselia nigra.[9] Selfish genetic elementsThe Testacea species group is used in population genetics to study sex-ratio distorting 'selfish' or 'driving' X chromosomes. Selfish X chromosomes bias the offspring of males such that fathers only produce daughters. This increases the spread of the selfish X chromosome, as Y chromosome-bearing sperm are never transmitted. In wild populations, up to 30% of D. neotestacea individuals can harbour a selfish X chromosome. The spread of the D. neotestacea selfish X is limited by climatic factors, predicted by the harshness of winter. Thus, its frequency in the wild may be affected by ongoing climate change.[10] The mechanism of X chromosome drive may be related to a duplication of an importin gene, a type of nuclear transport protein.[11] Other Testacea species harbour selfish X chromosomes, raising the question of whether X chromosome drive played a role in speciation of the Testacea group.[12][13] At least one selfish X in Testacea group flies is old enough to have been present in the last-common ancestor of Drosophila testacea and Drosophila orientacea.[14] See also
References1. ^Grimaldi, James, and Jaenike. 1992. Systematics and Modes of Reproductive Isolation in the Holarctic Drosophila testacea Species Group (Diptera: Drosophilidae). https://academic.oup.com/aesa/article/85/6/671/2759036 2. ^{{Cite journal |title=Association between Wolbachia and Spiroplasma within Drosophila neotestacea: an emerging symbiotic mutualism? |journal = Molecular Ecology|volume = 19|issue = 2|last=Jaenike |first=John |last2=Stahlhut |first2=Julie K. |date=2010 |publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine |location=US |pages=414–425 |language=en US |publication-place=US |doi=10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04448.x |pmid=20002580 |last3=Boelio |first3=Lisa M. |last4=Unckless |first4=Robert L.}} 3. ^Jaenike, 1978. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1938245 4. ^Jaenike et al. 2010. http://science.sciencemag.org/content/329/5988/212 5. ^Jaenike et al. 2010. http://science.sciencemag.org/content/329/5988/212 6. ^Haselkorn and Jaenike, 2016. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/mec.13261 7. ^Hamilton et al. 2016. https://www.pnas.org/content/113/2/350 8. ^Ballinger and Perlman. 2017. https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1006431 9. ^Ballinger et al. 2018. https://academic.oup.com/gbe/advance-article/doi/10.1093/gbe/evy272/5255877 10. ^Dyer, 2012. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01497.x 11. ^Pieper et al. 2018. A fast‐evolving X‐linked duplicate of importin‐α2 is overexpressed in sex‐ratio drive in Drosophila neotestacea. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/mec.14928 12. ^Pieper and Dyer. 2016. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jeb.12948 13. ^Keais et al. 2017. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jeb.13089 14. ^Keais. 2018. http://dspace.library.uvic.ca/handle/1828/9319?show=full 2 : Drosophila|Insects described in 1992 |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。