“Żubrówka”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Żubrówka ({{IPA-pl|ʐuˈbrufka|-|Pl-Żubrówka.ogg}}; {{lang-ru|зубровка|zubrovka}}; {{lang-be|зуброўка|zubroŭka}}), also known in English as bison grass vodka, is a Polish dry, herb-flavoured vodka that is distilled from rye and bottled at 40% alcohol by volume (80 US proof). Its flavour is unique and is described as having woodruff, vanilla, coconut, cinnamon and almond notes.

The rye distillate is flavoured with a tincture of bison grass (Hierochloe odorata), which also gives the spirit its yellowish color. This grass grows in the Białowieża Forest and elsewhere. A blade of bison grass is traditionally placed in each bottle of żubrówka, though this is largely decorative.

Since the beginning of the 21st century, there are also new brands available in Poland, such as Żubrówka Biała Wódka (white), Żubrówka Czarna Wódka (black) and Żubrówka Złota (gold).

Etymology

The words zubroŭka in the Belarusian language and zubrovka in Russian are the words for bison grass. In Polish, the word {{lang|pl|turówka}} is used for the grass. The name comes from zubr ({{lang-pl|żubr}}, {{IPA-pl|ʐupr|pron}}), the word for the European bison in many Slavic languages.

History

The zubrovka has been produced since at least the 16th century^[1] in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, in the region of the contemporary Polish-Belarusian border. By the 18th century it was one of the favorite raw drinks of nobility (szlachta) and peasantry alike.

In the 19th century, the famous Odessa-based brandy manufacturer Shustov began producing żubrówka.^[3]

In 1926, the company Polmos from Brześć nad Bugiem (now Brest, Belarus) invented a method to mass-produce żubrówka, which was then copied by numerous companies worldwide, under a variety of brand names. The original distillery company in Brest (nationalized by the Soviets after 1939 and now known under the name Belalco) still produces Brestskaya Zubrovka. There are also brands of zubrovka in many countries including Lithuania (Stumbrinė), United States (Bison Vodka), Ukraine (Зубрiвка, Zubrivka), Germany (Grasovka and Blauer Bison), Russia (Зубровка, Zubrovka), the Czech Republic (Zubrovka), and others.

The brand

Currently the brands Zubrovka and Żubrówka are registered by Sojuzplodoimport/Russia and the Polmos Białystok company in Białystok, Poland.^[5] However, żubrówka is considered a generic name for a type of liquor by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, so anyone may use the name for products in the United States, and the name has been used by various companies there.^[5]

In popular culture

In the United States

The tincture of bison grass found in żubrówka is prohibited as a food additive by the Food and Drug Administration because it contains coumarin, which showed hepatotoxic effects in rats and has a blood thinning effect.^[5] Importation of żubrówka was banned in 1978 by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms. Canada has no similar regulations on coumarin, so the alcoholic drink is legal there.

When produced according to traditional methods (between one and two kilograms of grass per thousand litres of alcohol), żubrówka contains approximately 12 milligrams of coumarin per litre. In 1999, distilleries that were not connected with the Polish brand introduced lower quality reformulated versions of the product,^[6] sometimes using artificial flavours and colors, with the emblematic blade of grass in every bottle but "neutralised" so as to be coumarin-free. In 2011 the American licensee of the Polish company worked with Rémy Cointreau to introduce a new American formulation, which they called "Żu".^[6]

In addition to the coumarin problem, American authorities determined that the trademark on Żubrówka brand was diluted and unenforceable, as it was a generic name, like aspirin.^[6]

Serving suggestions

Like most vodkas, żubrówka is usually served chilled on its own. A very popular alternative is mixing it with apple juice^[7] (a drink known in Polish as tatanka (Lakota for "American bison") or szarlotka (Polish for "apple cake"); known in the UK as a Frisky Bison;^[8] and in the US as a Polish Kiss). It is sometimes served over vanilla ice cream,^[9] and another common mixer is ginger ale.^[9] While a "Black Bison" is żubrówka mixed with black currant juice.

References

1. ^¹Бульбашъ Зубровая [Bulbash Zubrovaya, a brand of Zubroŭka from Belarus]
2. ^Белорусская зубровка
3. ^Валентин Крапива. Это сладкое слово "Шустов" [Valentin Krapiva. This sweet word Shustov] -
4. ^{{Cite news|url=http://virtuaalibaari.fi/2014/07/23/kaiken-takana-on-tarina/|title=kaiken takana on tarina|work=virtuaalibaari.fi|access-date=2017-11-25|language=fi}}
5. ^{{ cite news | publisher = New York Times|last=Fabricant| first=Florence| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/01/dining/01vodka.html?_r=0|title= Polish Vodka Arrives with a Wisp of Grass| date= 2010-11-30| accessdate = 2013-06-11 }}
6. ^¹²³⁴{{ cite news | newspaper=Wall Street Journal | url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704515904576075521026203578 | title = Name Your Poison: How a Banned Polish Vodka Buffaloed Its Way Into the U.S. | first = Daniel | last = Michaels | date = 2011-01-18 }}
7. ^{{ cite web | last = Gim | first = Sarah | title = Zubrowka is bison grass vodka | url = http://www.slashfood.com/2006/07/18/zubrowka-is-bison-grass-vodka/ | date = 2006-07-18 | accessdate = 2007-09-29 }}
8. ^[https://www.cocktail.uk.com/cocktails/frisky-bison Cocktail:UK - Frisky Bison Cocktail]
9. ^¹{{ cite web | title = Zubrowka Ginger Ale and ice cream | url = https://www.masterofmalt.com/vodka/zubrowka/zubrowka-bison-grass-vodka/ | date = 2018-05-25 | accessdate = 2018-05-25 }}