词条 | Dublin City Marshal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
释义 |
The Dublin City Marshal was an officer of Dublin Corporation in Ireland. HistoryThe origins of the office were analogous to those of the Knight Marshal in relation to the City of London. Until 1786[1] the Dublin Marshal was Keeper of Dublin City Marshalsea,[2] as the Knight Marshal was for the London Marshalsea. Prior to the Municipal Corporations (Ireland) Act 1840 the Marshal was elected annually by the common council from among the freemen; typically this was a formality with the incumbent returned unopposed.[3] The office was often a sinecure given to a relative of a senior member of the common council. The Marshal in 1838 considered his appointment effective "for life".[4] In 1876 Alexander Martin Sullivan called the Marshal "a perfectly needless office that might well be abolished".[5] In the 1880s the council discussed and printed reports on whether to make the office a full-time position; subsequently vacancies were publicly advertised, with election from among the applicants still done by the councillors.[6] After the 1920 local elections there was a Sinn Féin majority on the council, which supported the self-proclaimed Irish Republic's independence war against the UK.[7] In 1921, when the town clerk suggested that the office of Swordbearer might be abolished, the Marshal wrote to the clerk defending the existing pawnbroking regulations, and the council agreed not to change them.[8] The 1926 report of the Greater Dublin Commission of Inquiry proposed to remove the ceremonial vestiges of the corporation, including the Marshal.[9] The report was not implemented,[9] and the office of Marshal survived until 1965.[11][10] FunctionsThe Marshal had a ceremonial role, including leading the annual Lord Mayor's parade. In 1867, Michael Angelo Hayes "wore a scarlet tunic richly braided, and a cocked hat, a la Francaise, rode a decent-looking horse, and was admired by the crowd".[13] In April 1900, John Howard Parnell as Marshal held the cushion holding the key of the city presented to Queen Victoria by the Lord Mayor at her ceremonial entry into the city.[11] The Marshal was an officer of the Lord Mayor and Sheriffs' Court,[12] held at the Tholsel and latterly in Green Street Courthouse;[13] in that role he took charge of the custody and sale of goods under attachment.[2] Register of pawnbrokersTwo 1780s statutes sanctioned a previous informal arrangement between Dublin pawnbrokers and the Marshal:[14] the Pawnbrokers Act 1786[15] made the Marshal registrar of pawnbrokers' licences for the whole of Ireland;[2] by the Pawnbrokers Act 1788,[16] he was one of four people who could auction forfeited pledges. The others were the city Swordbearer and two nominees of the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland.[17] The city wards were divided among the four (coterminous with the four police districts of the Borough Police[14]) with the Marshal and Swordbearer holding the more profitable divisions.[18] The 1838 select committee examining pawnbroking in Ireland said "the manner in which successive Marshals of the City of Dublin have discharged the duties imposed upon them by the Act, will be found by the evidence, and by the Report of the Commissioners of Municipal Inquiry, to have been exceedingly unsatisfactory".[19] The pawnbroking divisions had been disregarded for some decades until 1941, when the new marshal lost a lawsuit against a pawnbroker on the basis that he did not have jurisdiction as her premises was in the district of the Swordbearer, an office which had fallen into disuse.[20] The Oireachtas passed an act in 1943 to abolish the divisions and allow the marshal to operate everywhere.[21] The registration of pawnbrokers was passed from the Marshal to the district court in 1964.[22] The office was then obsolete,[23] although the final incumbent, James Cockburn, was still described as "City Marshal" in Thom's Directory in 1972.[24] RemunerationAn incoming Marshal had to pay surety (£2000 in 1836).[2] The main expense prior to 1786 was the upkeep of the Marshalsea, though the Corporation sometimes granted sums to the Marshal for repairs. After 1786, the right to the fees collected in his various duties made the office of Marshal profitable; the holder often farmed out the work to subcontractors, allowing him to enjoy a sinecure.[25] In 1833 his net income was £630.[17] Pawnbroking had increased greatly from the 1780s to the 1830s.[26] The reformed corporation elected in 1841 under the 1840 act was "determined ... that no officer should be considered as a sinecure", dismissed the incumbent Marshal, and hired a substitute on a fixed salary.[27] In 1849 Thomas Reynolds received £250 and complained that he had lost money by taking the post.[28] By 1876, the Marshal was paying the fees to the Corporation and receiving a salary of £300 from it.[29] However, the Court of Queen's Bench ruled that the fees as registrar of pawnbrokers were not due to the Corporation, so the Marshal could keep them himself.[30] Alexander Martin Sullivan condemned this.[5] In 1894 the total income was about £1000 and Fenian supporters tried to get Jeremiah O'Donovan Rossa nominated to the position.[40] List{{incomplete-list|date=September 2017}}
ReferencesCitations1. ^Irish act 26 Geo.3 c.27 s.34 cited in MCI 1835; p.36 s.80 2. ^1 2 3 MCI 1835; p.36 s.80. 3. ^MCI 1835; p.16 s.42 4. ^Select Committee on pawnbroking in Ireland 1838 p.121 qq.2157–2161 5. ^1 Select Committee on local government and taxation of towns (Ireland) 1876, p.262 q.4802 6. ^Dublin City Council Minutes: 1885 pp.147,169; 1886 pp.257,259; 1891 p.270 7. ^Yeates 2012, [https://books.google.ie/books?id=wuL4AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT85 Chapter 3 p.85] 8. ^Yeates 2012, [https://books.google.ie/books?id=wuL4AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT323 Chapter 9 pp.322–324] 9. ^1 {{cite book|last1=Callanan|first1=Mark|last2=Keogan|first2=Justin F.|title=Local Government in Ireland: Inside Out|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P6OdT7MIflgC&pg=PA126|accessdate=5 October 2017|year=2003|publisher=Institute of Public Administration|isbn=9781902448930|pages=126–127}} 10. ^Dublin City Council Minutes 1962 p.282 11. ^{{cite book|last=McCarthy|first=Michael John Fitzgerald|title=Five years in Ireland, 1895–1900 |url=https://archive.org/stream/fiveyearsinirela00mccauoft#page/476|year=1901|publisher=Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent|location=London |pages=476–478}} 12. ^MCI 1835; p.36 s.80, pp.50–51 s.111 13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.libraryireland.com/topog/D/Dublin-Courts-and-Prisons.php|title=Dublin Courts and Prisons|last=Lewis|first=Samuel|year=1837|work=A Topographical Dictionary of Ireland|accessdate=30 September 2017}} 14. ^1 Raymond 1978 p.17 15. ^Irish act 26 Geo.3 c.43 s.40; short title assigned by Short Titles Act 1962 16. ^Irish act 28 Geo.3 c.49 s.9; short title assigned by Short Titles Act 1962 17. ^1 MCI 1835; p.37 18. ^MCI 1835; p.38 19. ^Select Committee on pawnbroking in Ireland 1838 p.xii 20. ^1 * {{cite news |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/archive/1941/0522/Pg006.html#Ar00633 |subscription=Y |newspaper=The Irish Times |page=5 |date=22 May 1941 |title=City Marshal's Action }}* {{cite news |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/archive/1941/1028/Pg002.html#Ar00203 |subscription=Y |newspaper=The Irish Times |page=2 |date=28 October 1941 |title=High Courts }}* {{cite news |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/archive/1941/1120/Pg003.html#Ar00309 |subscription=Y |newspaper=The Irish Times |page=3 |date=20 November 1941 |title=City Marshal's Summons; Alleged Forged Document }}* {{cite news |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/archive/1941/1218/Pg002.html#Ar00206 |subscription=Y |newspaper=The Irish Times |page=2 |date=18 December 1941 |title=City Marshal and Pawnbroker; Case Dismissed in District Court }}* {{cite news |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/archive/1942/0407/Pg001.html#Ar00107 |subscription=Y |newspaper=The Irish Times |page=1 |date=7 April 1942 |title=Pawn Office Dispute }}* {{cite news |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/archive/1942/0408/Pg001.html#Ar00114 |subscription=Y |newspaper=The Irish Times |page=1 |date=8 April 1942 |title=No Dispute Between City Marshal and Pawnbrokers }} 21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1943/act/9/enacted/en/index.html|title=Pawnbrokers (Divisional Auctioneers) Act, 1943|work=Irish Statute Book|accessdate=30 September 2017}}; {{cite web|url=http://beta.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1943-03-03/42/|title=Pawnbrokers (Divisional Auctioneers) Bill, 1943—Second Stage|date=3 March 1943|work=Dáil Éireann Debate|accessdate=30 September 2017}} 22. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://beta.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1964-02-18/60/|title=Pawnbrokers Bill, 1963— Second Stage.|last=Haughey|first=Charles|date=18 February 1964 |quote=He is still there but we are doing away with his pawnbroking functions.|work=Dáil Éireann Debates|accessdate=30 September 2017}}; {{cite web|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1964/act/31/enacted/en/index.html|title=Pawnbrokers Act, 1964|work=Irish Statute Book|pages=Sections 6, 10 |nopp=Y|accessdate=30 September 2017}} 23. ^1 {{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/archive/1974/0108/Pg013.html#Ar01303 |subscription=Y|title=Obituary of James Cockburn|date=8 January 1974|work=The Irish Times|page=13|accessdate=25 October 2017}} 24. ^{{cite web|url=http://griffiths.askaboutireland.ie/gv4/nbl/lh_nbl_show5.php?id=060876|title=Thom's Dublin Street Directory, City, County & Bray, 1972, pg.777|work=Ask About Ireland|accessdate=1 May 2018|quote=Washington Street ... 6 Cockburn, James City Marshal £16}} 25. ^MCI 1835; s.80 pp.36–38 26. ^Raymond 1978 p.18 27. ^1 2 {{cite book|last1=Dublin Corporation|first1=|last2=Grogan|first2=Edward|authorlink2=Sir Edward Grogan, 1st Baronet|title=Appendix to the Sixteenth Report of the Select Committee of the House of Commons on Public Petitions|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=RWgSAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA153|series=Parliamentary Papers|date=1843-04-11|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office|pages=152–157 : 153 c2|chapter=Appendix 259: Petition against the Pawnbrokers' Trade (Ireland) Bill}} 28. ^{{cite thesis |url=http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/15216/1/496311.pdf#page=203 |format=PDF |last=Hill |first=Jacqueline R. |year=1973 |title=The role of Dublin in the Irish National Movement 1840–48 |type=PhD |page=194 |publisher=University of Leeds |accessdate={{date|2017-09-30}}}} 29. ^Select Committee on local government and taxation of towns (Ireland) 1876, p.140 qq.2592–2594, 2602 30. ^1 Select Committee on local government and taxation of towns (Ireland) 1876, p.237 qq.4414,4415; Dublin Corporation v. Hayes [IR 10 CL 226 (1876)] 31. ^Calendar of ancient records of Dublin, Vol.1 p.378 32. ^Calendar of ancient records of Dublin, Vol.1 p.398 33. ^Calendar of ancient records of Dublin, Vol.1 pp.408,409 34. ^Calendar of ancient records of Dublin, Vol.1 pp.415,437 35. ^Calendar of ancient records of Dublin, Vol.1 p.445 36. ^Calendar of ancient records of Dublin, Vol.2 p.5 37. ^Calendar of ancient records of Dublin, Vol.2 pp.51,118,168,196,205 38. ^Calendar of ancient records of Dublin, Vol.2 pp.168,196 39. ^Calendar of ancient records of Dublin, Vol.2 pp.148,196,205 40. ^Calendar of ancient records of Dublin, Vol.2 p.205 41. ^Calendar of ancient records of Dublin, Vol.2 pp.224–225,295 42. ^Calendar of ancient records of Dublin, Vol.2 pp.325,423,428,523 43. ^{{cite book|last=Wright|first=William Ball|title=The Ussher Memoirs: Or, Genealogical Memoirs of the Ussher Families in Ireland (with Appendix, Pedigree and Index of Names), Compiled from Public and Private Sources|url=https://archive.org/stream/usshermemoirsorg00wrig#page/n102|accessdate=2 October 2017|year=1889|publisher=Sealy, Bryers & Walker|location=Dublin|page=35}} 44. ^Calendar of ancient records of Dublin, Vol.2 pp.428,462,466,481,507–508 45. ^Calendar of ancient records of Dublin: Vol.2 p.508; Vol.3 pp.100,126 46. ^Calendar of ancient records of Dublin, Vol.3 pp.126,132 47. ^Calendar of ancient records of Dublin, Vol.3 pp.132,333 48. ^Calendar of ancient records of Dublin, Vol.3 pp.333,366 49. ^Calendar of ancient records of Dublin, Vol.3 p.366 50. ^Calendar of ancient records of Dublin, Vol.3 p.493, Vol.4 p.42 51. ^{{cite journal|last=Dudley|first=Rowena|date=Autumn 2000|title=St. Stephen's Green: The Early Years 1664-1730|journal=Dublin Historical Record|publisher=Old Dublin Society |jstor=30101260|volume=53|issue=2|pages=157–179 : 160}}; Calendar of ancient records of Dublin, Vol.4 p.73 52. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dublincity.ie/story/16th-annual-sir-john-t-gilbert-lecture-transcript|title=Dublin after Dark: Glimpses of Life in an Early Modern City|last=Ní Mhurchadha|first=Maighréad|date=23 January 2013|work=Sixteenth Sir John T. Gilbert Commemorative Lecture|publisher=Dublin City Library & Archive|accessdate=30 September 2017}}; Calendar of ancient records of Dublin, Vol.4 p.341 53. ^{{cite journal|last=McNeill|first=Charles|date=March 1930 |jstor=25510904 |subscription=Y|title=Rawlinson Manuscripts (Class A)|journal=Analecta Hibernica|publisher=Irish Manuscripts Commission|issue=1|pages=12–117 : 48}}; Calendar of ancient records of Dublin, Vol.5 p.462, Vol.6 p.146 54. ^Calendar of ancient records of Dublin, Vol.5 pp.462,502 55. ^Calendar of ancient records of Dublin, Vol.6 pp.146,246 56. ^Calendar of ancient records of Dublin, Vol.6 pp.246,302,306 57. ^Calendar of ancient records of Dublin, Vol.6 pp.306,339,373 58. ^Calendar of ancient records of Dublin, Vol.6 p.373; Vol.7 p.189 59. ^Calendar of ancient records of Dublin, Vol.7 pp.189,222 60. ^Calendar of ancient records of Dublin, Vol.7 p.222; Vol.8 pp.99,110 61. ^Calendar of ancient records of Dublin, Vol.8 pp.xi,110,379–381; Vol.9 pp.336,348,356,371 62. ^{{cite journal|last=Parkinson|first=Danny|date=Autumn 1996|title=The Delamain Family in Ireland |jstor=30101149|journal=Dublin Historical Record|publisher=Old Dublin Society|volume=49|issue=2|pages=156–160 : 158}}; Calendar of ancient records of Dublin, Vol.9 p.371, Vol.10 pp.413–414, Vol.11 pp.54,287–288, Vol.12 p.27 63. ^Calendar of ancient records of Dublin, Vol.12 pp.227, Vol.16 p.285 64. ^Calendar of ancient records of Dublin, Vol.16 pp.285–286 [surname misspelled "Farrell"], 514, 516; Vol.17 p.308 65. ^Calendar of ancient records of Dublin, Vol.17 p.308, Vol.18 p.5; Raymond 1978 p.19; Select Committee on pawnbroking in Ireland 1838 p.208, p.113 q.2004 66. ^Raymond 1978 p.18; Select Committee on pawnbroking in Ireland 1838 p.205, p.113 q.2004 67. ^1 2 {{cite book |title=Ireland for the Irish: a practical, peacable and just solution of the Irish Land Question|first=Henry |last=O'Neill |authorlink=Henry O'Neill (illustrator) |publisher=Trubner |location=London |year=1868 |url=https://archive.org/stream/irelandforirish02onegoog#page/n110 |pages=96–97 |accessdate=19 Oct 2017}} 68. ^{{cite book|last=Hill |first=Jacqueline R. |editor-last1=Blackstock|editor-first1=Allan|editor-last2=Magennis|editor-first2=Eoin|title=Politics and Political Culture in Britain and Ireland, 1750–1850: Essays in Tribute to Peter Jupp|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=nRT2GGdIHEoC&pg=PA52 |year=2007 |publisher=Ulster Historical Foundation |isbn=9781903688687 |page=52 |chapter=The 1847 election in Dublin City}} 69. ^Select Committee on local government and taxation of towns (Ireland) 1876, p.175 q.3455 70. ^Gifford and Seidman 2008 p.324; Joyce 1922 [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page%3AUlysses%2C_1922.djvu/288 p.285] 71. ^Select Committee on local government and taxation of towns (Ireland) 1876, p.98 q.1912 72. ^{{cite web|url=http://onlinecollection.nationalgallery.ie/people/1163/michael-angelo-hayes;jsessionid=DDC22D0A14BBE4D48D6C18BF5C491E9F/objects#info|title=Michael Angelo Hayes|work=Artists|publisher=National Gallery of Ireland|accessdate=30 September 2017}} 73. ^Select Committee on local government and taxation of towns (Ireland) 1876, p.175 q.3454 74. ^Select Committee on local government and taxation of towns (Ireland) 1876, p.98 q.1914 75. ^1 {{cite journal|date=20 June 1874|title=Caricature And The Caricaturable|journal=The Spectator|pages=11–12|url=http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/20th-june-1874/11/caricature-and-the-caricaturable}} 76. ^{{cite web|url=http://catalogue.nli.ie/Record/vtls000286730|title=[Sir William Carroll] Civic celebrities No.1|work=Holdings|publisher=National Library of Ireland|accessdate=30 September 2017}}; {{cite web|url=http://catalogue.nli.ie/Record/vtls000286708|title=[John S. Carroll] Civic celebrities No.4 |work=Holdings|publisher=National Library of Ireland|accessdate=30 September 2017}}; Dublin City Council Minutes 1891 p.234 77. ^Dublin City Council Minutes 1891 p.234,237 78. ^Gifford and Seidman 2008 pp.279,478,519; Joyce 1922 pp.[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page%3AUlysses%2C_1922.djvu/239 236],[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page%3AUlysses%2C_1922.djvu/240 237],[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page%3AUlysses%2C_1922.djvu/463 460],[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page%3AUlysses%2C_1922.djvu/548 545], 79. ^Dublin City Council Minutes 1891 p.271 80. ^Dublin City Council Minutes 1891 p.307, 1894 pp.274,275 81. ^1 {{cite book|last=Kenna|first=Shane|title=Jeremiah O’Donovan Rossa: Unrepentant Fenian|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=ETLzDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT246|date=2015-08-01|publisher=Merrion Press|isbn=9781785370175|chapter=10: A Journey of Personal Discovery }} 82. ^{{cite journal |first=James |last=Joyce |title=Ulysses, Episode VIII |url=https://archive.org/stream/littlereview05mcke#page/n606/mode/1up |accessdate=17 Oct 2017 |journal=The Little Review |date=January 1919 |pages=23–50 : 39}} 83. ^1 Joyce 1922 [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page%3AUlysses%2C_1922.djvu/160 p. 157] 84. ^{{cite book|last1=Gaskell|first1=Philip|authorlink1=Philip Gaskell|last2=Hart|first2=Clive|title=Ulysses: A Review of Three Texts : Proposals for Alterations to the Texts of 1922, 1961, and 1984|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D_eVGERJmbcC&pg=PA201|accessdate=17 October 2017|year=1989|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=9780389208747|page=201, Ref.506.8}} 85. ^Dublin City Council Minutes 1894 p.280, 1897 pp.86,139,152,183,302 1898 p.56 86. ^{{cite news|title=The Dublin City Marshal|date=8 May 1897|work=Drogheda Independent|page=3}} 87. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1898/03/08/archives/parnell-gets-an-office-nationalist-elected-city-marshal-of-dublin.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=March 1898 |accessdate=30 September 2017|title=Parnell Gets An Office.; Nationalist Elected City Marshal of Dublin to Save His Estates.}} Dublin City Council Minutes 1898 p.102 88. ^{{cite book|last=Meleady|first=Dermot|title=John Redmond: The National Leader|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fjHzDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT183|accessdate=20 October 2017|date=2013-11-08|publisher=Irish Academic Press|isbn=9781908928573|page=183}} 89. ^Dublin City Council Minutes 1923 pp.365,382 90. ^1 {{cite journal|last=O'Neill|first=Marie|date=Spring 1994|title=Dublin Corporation in the Troubled Times 1914-1924 |jstor=30101057|journal=Dublin Historical Record|publisher=Old Dublin Society|volume=47|issue=1|pages=56–70 : 69}} 91. ^Gifford and Seidman 2008 pp.172,280,471; Joyce 1922 pp.[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page%3AUlysses%2C_1922.djvu/160 157],[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page%3AUlysses%2C_1922.djvu/165 162],[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page%3AUlysses%2C_1922.djvu/241 238],[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page%3AUlysses%2C_1922.djvu/246 243],[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page%3AUlysses%2C_1922.djvu/459 456],[https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page%3AUlysses%2C_1922.djvu/548 545] 92. ^Dublin City Council Minutes 1923 p.431, 1935 pp.181,214 93. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/archive/wit/1923/0707/Pg007.html#Ar00709 |subscription=Y|title=Dublion City Marshal|date=7 July 1923|work=The Irish Times|page=7|accessdate=24 October 2017}} 94. ^{{cite news|title=Corporation at Pro-Cathedral|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/archive/1937/0329/Pg003.html#Ar00302 |subscription=Y|date=29 March 1937|work=The Irish Times|page=3|accessdate=25 October 2017}} 95. ^{{cite news|title=Obituary: Mr. John Shaw|date=1 Feb 1966|work=Irish Independent|page=2}} 96. ^{{cite journal|last=Jackson |first=Val. |date=Sep–Nov 1941|title=The Armorials of the City of Dublin |jstor=30087136|journal=Dublin Historical Record|publisher=Old Dublin Society |volume=4|issue=1|pages=33-38 : 38}} 97. ^{{cite news|title=Mr. P. Meehan|date=21 March 1969|work=Irish Independent|page=13}} 98. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/shy-newsreader-who-was-one-of-ireland-s-best-known-faces-1.3213513|title=Shy newsreader who was one of Ireland’s best-known faces|date=9 September 2017|work=The Irish Times|accessdate=3 October 2017}} 99. ^{{cite news|title=Funeral of Mr. Sean Nolan|date=20 Sep 1955|work=Irish Independent|page=2}} Sources
6 : History of Dublin (city)|Local government officers|History of local government in Ireland|Local government in County Dublin|Pawn shops|1965 disestablishments in Ireland |
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