| 词条 | Durio graveolens |
| 释义 |
|image = Durio graveolens Suluy Z 3zz.jpg |image_alt = Durio graveolens 'Suluy Z' at Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, Miami |image_caption = Durio graveolens 'Suluy Z' at Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, Miami |status = NE |status_system = IUCN3.1 |status_ref = [1] |genus = Durio |species = graveolens |authority = Becc., 1889[2] }}{{Infobox nutritional value | name = | image =Odoardo Beccari Durio graveolens.jpg | image_alt = Fruit and leaves of D. graveolens | caption = Fruit and leaves of D. graveolens | serving_size = 100 g | kcal = 152 | carbs = | starch = | sugars = | lactose = | fiber = 21.5 g | fat = 6.2 g | satfat = 1.9 g | transfat = 0.9 g | monofat = 2.5 g | polyfat = 1.8 g | omega3fat = | omega6fat = 1.8 g | protein = 2.6 g | tryptophan = | threonine = | isoleucine = | leucine = | lysine = | methionine = | cystine = | phenylalanine = | tyrosine = | valine = | arginine = | histidine = | alanine = | aspartic acid = | glutamic acid = | glycine = | proline = | serine = | hydroxyproline = | water = 66.7% | cholesterol = 0 mg | alcohol = | caffeine = | vitA_ug = | vitA_iu = | betacarotene_ug = | lutein_ug = | thiamin_mg = | riboflavin_mg = | niacin_mg = | pantothenic_mg = | vitB6_mg = | folate_ug = | vitB12_ug = | choline_mg = | vitC_mg = 10.4 | vitD_ug = | vitD_iu = | vitE_mg = | vitK_ug = | calcium_mg = 10 | copper_mg = 0.7 | iron_mg = 0.6 | magnesium_mg = 27 | manganese_mg = 0.4 | phosphorus_mg = 43 | potassium_mg = 529 | selenium_ug = | sodium_mg = | zinc_mg = 0.59 | opt1n = | opt1v = | opt2n = | opt2v = | opt3n = | opt3v = | opt4n = | opt4v = | note = | source = (Hoe & Siong 1999)[3] (Nasaruddin, Noor, & Mamat 2013)[4] | source_usda = | noRDA = | float = }}Durio graveolens, sometimes called the red-fleshed durian,[5] orange-fleshed durian, or yellow durian,[5] is a species of tree in the family Malvaceae.[6] It is one of six species of durian named by Odoardo Beccari.[7] The specific epithet graveolens ('strong smelling' or 'rank')[8] is due to the odor, although most species of Durio (most notably Durio dulcis) have a strong scent, the red-fleshed type of D. graveolens has very little scent.[9]D. graveolens is an edible durian,[11][12] perhaps the most popular 'wild' species of durian, and it is sold commercially regionally.[10] However, its cogenitor Durio zibethinus is the typical species eaten and dominates sales worldwide. This species also should not be confused with the popular durian clones from Malaysia known as 'Red Flesh' (D164) and Red Prawn (D175), as both of those belong to D. zibethinus.[11] However, D. graveolens does have one registered variety, 'DQ2 nyekak (DK8)'.[11] The color of the fruit's flesh denotes other varieties -an orange-fleshed, a red-fleshed one, and yellow-fleshed. These varieties may be different species, but currently it is not known for sure.[9][10] The yellow-fleshed kind is sometimes called durian simpor.[9][5][5] NamesIn Malay, it is called {{lang|ms|durian burong}} or {{lang|ms|durian burung}}[12] (lit. bird durian),[12] {{lang|ms|durian rimba}} (jungle durian),[12] {{lang|ms|durian kuning}}[12][25][9] (yellow durian),[4] {{lang|ms|durian merah}} (red durian),[12][10][9][13] or {{lang|ms|durian otak udang galah}}[25][9] (lit. crayfish brain durian).[5] In Iban, it is {{lang|iba|durian isu}}.[5] The Bidayuh call it durian umot.[5] Among the Kenyah and Dayak peoples, it is known as durian anggang (hornbill durian),[12] durian ajan, pesang,[12] tabela or ta-bela,[12] tabelak,[9][12] taula,[12][9] tuala, tuwala.[5] On Sumatra, the Batak call it tinambela.[12][9][5] In Karo it is called {{lang|btx|meraan}}.[14] In Southern Thailand, it is referred to as {{lang|sou|ทุเรียน-ริะกกะ}}' ({{transl|sou|thureīyn-rakka}}).[5][9] In Aceh Tamiang Regency, it can be called durian batu (stone durian), and elsewhere in Sumatra, it known as durian adjan.[12][9] Other regional names include durian dalit[10][9][55] (but this can apply also to Durio oxleyanus[15]) alau, dujen, durian alau, durian daun dungoh, durian hutan[9] (forest durian), durian pipit, lai bengang, merang kunyit, pasang, and tongkai.[5] |title=Durio graveolens|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=140963|website=NCBI taxonomy|publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information|accessdate=26 October 2017|location=Bethesda, MD|language=English|quote=Lineage( full ) cellular organisms; Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Streptophytina; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta; Euphyllophyta; Spermatophyta; Magnoliophyta; Mesangiospermae; eudicotyledons; Gunneridae; Pentapetalae; rosids; malvids; Malvales; Malvaceae; Helicteroideae; Durio }}7. ^{{cite web|author1=|title=Durio|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/1.1/browse/A/Malvaceae/Durio/|website=The Plant List|publisher=The Plant List|accessdate=9 November 2017|location=England|language=English|date=23 March 2012|version=1.1}} 8. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.winternet.com/~chuckg/dictionary/dictionary.96.html |title=Dictionary of Botanical Epithets |last=Griffith |first=Chuck |year=2005 |website=Dictionary of Botanical Epithets |language=English |access-date=27 October 2017 |quote=graveolens graveolens graveolens strong smelling graveolens graveolent adj strong smelling; rank Ruta graveolens L. }} 9. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 {{cite web|last1=Gasik|first1=Lindsay|title=Durio graveolens|url=https://www.yearofthedurian.com/2013/05/durio-graveolens.html|website=Year of the Durian|publisher=yearofthedurian.com|accessdate=4 November 2017|language=English|date=May 2013}} 10. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite news|author1=|title=Wild durians of Borneo|url=http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/read.cfm?NewsID=834|accessdate=5 November 2017|work=Daily Express|publisher=Sabah Publishing House Sdn. Bhd.|date=5 February 2012|location=Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia|language=English}} 11. ^1 {{cite web|author1=|title=Varieties Registered For National Crop List|url=http://pvpbkkt.doa.gov.my/NationalList/Fruits.php?page=16|website=Plant Variety Protection Malaysia|publisher=Department of Agriculture, Malaysia|accessdate=2 November 2017|location=Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia|pages=15–6, 52|language=English|quote=D164 Durian Durio zibethinus Linn. D175 Durian Durio zibethinus Linn. DQ2 Durian Sarawak Durio graveolens Becc Nyekak (DK8)}} 12. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 {{cite book | chapter-url = http://aciar.gov.au/files/node/598/mn114-part3.pdf | chapter = Occurrence, Distribution and Utilisation of Durian Germplasm | year = 2004 | accessdate =9 November 2017 |last1=O'Gara |first1=E. |last2=Guest |first2=D. I. |last3=Hassan |first3=N. M. | publisher = Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) | title = Diversity and Management of Phytophthora in Southeast Asia ACIAR Monograph No. 114 | isbn = 978-1-86320-405-7 |editor1=Drenth, A. |editor2=Guest, D. I. | pages = 187–193}} 13. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 {{cite book|last1=Lim|first1=Tong Kwee|last2=Luders|first2=L.|title=Boosting Durian Productivity|date=July 1997|publisher=Rural Industries Research Development Corporation (RIRDC)|location=Barton, ACT|isbn=9780724530151|url=http://www.agrifutures.com.au/wp-content/uploads/publications/97-001W.pdf|accessdate=10 November 2017|language=English|oclc=38412745|issn=1440-6845|volume=RIRDC Project DNT - 13A}} 14. ^1 {{cite journal|last1=Mackinnon|first1=John|title=The behaviour and ecology of wild orang-utans (Pongo pygmaeus)|journal=Animal Behaviour|date=February 1974|volume=22|issue=1|pages=3–74|doi=10.1016/S0003-3472(74)80054-0|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003347274800540|accessdate=22 November 2017|language=English|format=PDF|issn=0003-3472}} 15. ^{{cite web|last1=Ng|first1=Murphy|title=Red and Orange Durians of Sabah|url=http://www.mysabah.com/wordpress/red-and-orange-durians-of-sabah/|website=MySabah.com|accessdate=29 November 2017|location=Sabah, Malaysia|language=English|date=19 December 2012|quote=Durian Dalit (Orange-flesh Durian), Species: Durio oxleyanus The husk of Durian Dalit is green color, with long and thick thorns outside. Durian Sukang (Red-flesh Durian), Species: Durio graveolens When ripe, the husk of Durian Sukang turns yellow, with short and sharp spines.}} 16. ^{{cite web|last1=Ng|first1=Murphy|title=Red and Orange Durians of Sabah|url=http://www.mysabah.com/wordpress/red-and-orange-durians-of-sabah/|website=MySabah.com|accessdate=29 November 2017|location=Sabah, Malaysia|language=English|date=19 December 2012|quote=Durian Dalit (Orange-flesh Durian), Species: Durio oxleyanus The husk of Durian Dalit is green color, with long and thick thorns outside. Durian Sukang (Red-flesh Durian), Species: Durio graveolens When ripe, the husk of Durian Sukang turns yellow, with short and sharp spines.}} 17. ^1 {{cite book|last1=Brown|first1=Michael J.|editor1-last=Arora|editor1-first=R.K.|editor2-last=Ramanatha Rao|editor2-first=V.|editor3-last=Rao|editor3-first=A.N.|title=Durio, a Bibliographic Review|date=1997|publisher=International Plant Genetic Resource Institute|location=New Delhi, India|isbn=9789290433187|page=13|url=https://books.google.com/?id=3AcGwT0CdSwC&lpg=PA69&dq=Durio%20graveolens&pg=PR2#v=snippet&q=graveolens&f=false|accessdate=11 November 2017|language=English|format=PDF|oclc=38754437}} 18. ^Hassler M. (2017). World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World (version Aug 2017). In: Roskov Y., Abucay L., Orrell T., Nicolson D., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., DeWalt R.E., Decock W., De Wever A., Nieukerken E. van, Zarucchi J., Penev L., eds. (2017). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life, 29th September 2017. Digital resource at http://www.catalogueoflife.org/col/details/species/id/f1346b818da012e2ae26db4395f60fa9 . Species 2000: Naturalis, Leiden, the Netherlands. ISSN 2405-8858. 19. ^{{cite book |url=http://www.bioversityinternational.org/uploads/tx_news/Expert_consultation_on_tropical_fruit_species_of_Asia_655.pdf |title=Tropical fruit production and genetic resources in Southeast Asia: Identifying the priority fruit species |first1=M. B. |last1=Osman |first2=Z. A. |last2=Mohamed |first3=S. |last3=Idris |first4=R. |last4=Aman |year=1995 |publisher=International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) |isbn=978-92-9043-249-4 |accessdate=10 November 2017 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080930210417/http://www.ipgri.cgiar.org/publications/HTMLPublications/655/ch08.htm |archivedate=2008-09-30 |oclc=723476105 |quote=In Brunei Darussalam, D. zibethinus does not occur locally. The people in Brunei prefer the other species, such as D. graveolens, D. kutejensis and D. oxyleyanus. These species are quite commonly distributed in the country and together with other species like D. testudinarium and D. dulcis, represent rich genetic diversity.}} 20. ^{{cite journal|last1=Whitman|first1=William F.|editor1-last=Cockshutt|editor1-first=Nicholas|title=Ultra Tropicals vs. Freezing Point|journal=Tropical Fruit World|date=November 1990|volume=1|issue=5|pages=147–148|language=English|issn=1053-850X|oclc=22610361}} 21. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal|last1=Stroo|first1=A|title=Pollen morphological evolution in bat pollinated plants|journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution|date=March 2000|volume=222|issue=1–4|pages=225–242|doi=10.1007/BF00984104|language=English|issn=1615-6110|oclc=197044000}} 22. ^{{cite journal|last1=Yumoto|first1=Takakazu|title=Bird-Pollination of Three Durio Species (Bombacaceae) in a Tropical Rainforest in Sarawak, Malaysia|journal=American Journal of Botany|date=August 2000|volume=87|issue=8|page=1185|url=http://www.amjbot.org/content/87/8/1181.full.pdf|accessdate=14 November 2017|language=English|issn=1537-2197|quote=Wet masses of fruits recorded in Lambir Hills National Park were as follows: D. graveolens, 757. 5 g;... (T. Yumoto, unpublished data)}} 23. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 {{cite journal|last1=Kostermans|first1=André Joseph Guillaume Henri|authorlink1=André Joseph Guillaume Henri Kostermans|editor1-last=Dilmy|editor1-first=A.|editor2-last=Van Steens|editor2-first=C. G. G. J.|title=The Genus Durio Adans. (Bombac.)|journal=Reinwardtia|date=December 1958|volume=4|issue=3|pages=91–95|doi=10.14203/reinwardtia.v4i3.1008|url=http://e-journal.biologi.lipi.go.id/index.php/reinwardtia/article/view/1008|accessdate=10 November 2017|language=English|format=PDF|issn=2337-8824|oclc=4142407|doi-broken-date=2019-03-14}} 24. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 {{cite journal|last1=Nyffeler|first1=Reto|last2=Baum|first2=David A.|title=Systematics and character evolution in Durio s. lat. (Malvaceae/Helicteroideae/Durioneae or Bombacaceae-Durioneae)|journal=Organisms Diversity & Evolution|date=2001|volume=1|issue=3|pages=165–178|doi=10.1078/1439-6092-00015|url=https://ac.els-cdn.com/S143960920470015X/1-s2.0-S143960920470015X-main.pdf?_tid=97414770-d524-11e7-a97a-00000aab0f01&acdnat=1511974059_e221d67f457821d4a4d71a2d696a8b6d|accessdate=29 November 2017|language=English|format=PDF|issn=1439-6092|oclc=199110722}} 25. ^{{Cite book|last1=Hambali|first1=GG|last2=Yatazawa|first2=M|last3=Sunarto|first3=AT|editor1-last=Siemonsma|editor1-first=J.S.|editor2-last=Wulijarni-Soetjipto|editor2-first=N.|title=Wild Durio Germplasm for improving fruit quality and performance of Durio zibethinus|journal=Plant Resources of South-East Asia Proceedings of the First PROSEA International Symposium May 22–25, 1989, Jakarta, Indonesia|date=1989|page=261|url=http://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/wurpubs/fulltext/313191|accessdate=12 November 2017|language=English|format=PDF|isbn=978-90-220-0999-4|oclc=956468165|quote=Four hybrid seedlings were obtained in the crosses between D. zibethinus and D. graveolens, whereas no fruit set was observed in the crosses between D. zibethinus and D. oxleyanus, and between D. oxleyanus and D. graveolens.}} 26. ^{{cite journal|last1=Soepadmo|first1=Engkik|last2=Eow|first2=BK|editor1-last=Mabberley|editor1-first=DJ|editor2-last=Lan|editor2-first=Chang Kiaw|title=The Reproductive Biology of Durio zibethinus Murr|journal=The Gardens' Bulletin, Singapore|date=31 August 1977|volume=29|pages=25–33|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/43625482|accessdate=12 November 2017|language=English|format=pdf|issn=2382-5812|oclc=918436212}} 27. ^{{cite book|last1=Start|first1=A.N.|last2=Marshall|first2=A.G.|editor1-last=Burley|editor1-first=J.|editor2-last=Styles|editor2-first=B.T.|title=Tropical Trees: Variation, Breeding and Conservation|date=1976|publisher=Academic Press|location=London, UK|isbn=978-0121451509|pages=141–159|language=English|chapter=Nectarivorous Bats as Pollinators of Trees in West Malaysia|oclc=476102040|series=Linnean Society Symposium Series|volume=2}} 28. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite journal|last1=Sivapalan|first1=A.|last2=Metussin|first2=Rosidah|last3=Harndan|first3=Fuziah|last4=Zain|first4=Rokiah Mohd|title=Fungi associated with postharvest fruit rots of Durio graveolens and D. kutejensis in Brunei Darussalam|journal=Australasian Plant Pathology|date=December 1998|volume=27|issue=4|pages=274–277|doi=10.1071/AP98033|language=English|issn=1448-6032|oclc=204773204}} 29. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite journal|last1=Nakashima|first1=Yoshihiro|last2=Lagan|first2=Peter|last3=Kitayama|first3=Kanehiro|title=A Study of Fruit–Frugivore Interactions in Two Species of Durian (Durio, Bombacaceae) in Sabah, Malaysia|journal=Biotropica|date=March 2008|volume=40|issue=2|pages=255–258|doi=10.1111/j.1744-7429.2007.00335.x|language=English|issn=1744-7429|oclc=5155811169}} 30. ^{{cite journal|last1=Fredriksson|first1=Gabriella M.|last2=Wich|first2=Serge A.|last3=Trisno|title=Frugivory in sun bears (Helarctos malayanus) is linked to El Niño-related fluctuations in fruiting phenology, East Kalimantan, Indonesia|journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society|date=1 November 2006|volume=89|issue=3|pages=489–508|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8312.2006.00688.x|language=English|issn=1095-8312|quote=Durio graveolens Bombacaceae S fr Tree|url=https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/4018412/46921_Fredriksson2006.pdf}} 31. ^1 {{cite book|last1=Yong|first1=Yen Cze|title=Aplikasi Tepung Biji Durian Dalit (Durio graveolens) Dalam Keropok Ikan|date=2015|publisher=Universiti Malaysia Sabah|location=Kota Kinabalu|language=Malay|trans-title=Application of Durian Dalit (Durio graveolens) Seed Flour in Fish Crackers|oclc=973237888}} External links
12 : Tropical agriculture|Taxa named by Odoardo Beccari|Durio|Flora of Malesia|Trees of Borneo|Trees of Malesia|Tropical fruit|Non-timber forest products|Plants described in 1889|Flora of Indo-China|Fruits originating in Asia|Night-blooming plants |
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