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词条 100 Gigabit Ethernet
释义

  1. History

     Standards development  Early products  Backplane  Multimode fiber  Single mode fiber  Compatibility  Test and measurement  Mellanox Technologies  Aitia  Arista  Extreme Networks  Dell  Chelsio  Telesoft Technologies Ltd  Commercial trials and deployments  Alcatel-Lucent  Brocade  Cisco  Huawei  Juniper 

  2. Standards

  3. 100G interface types

      Coding schemes  

  4. 40G interface types

  5. Chip-to-chip/chip-to-module interfaces

  6. Pluggable optics standards

  7. Optical connectors

  8. See also

  9. References

  10. Further reading

  11. External links

40 Gigabit Ethernet (40GbE) and 100 Gigabit Ethernet (100GbE) are groups of computer networking technologies for transmitting Ethernet frames at rates of 40 and 100 gigabits per second (Gbit/s), respectively. The technology was first defined by the IEEE 802.3ba-2010 standard[1] and later by the 802.3bg-2011, 802.3bj-2014,[2] and 802.3bm-2015 standards.[3]

The standards define numerous port types with different optical and electrical interfaces and different numbers of optical fiber strands per port. Short distances (e.g. 7 m) over twinaxial cable are supported while standards for fiber reach up to 80 km.

{{TOC limit|3}}

History

Standards development

On July 18, 2006, a call for interest for a High Speed Study Group (HSSG) to investigate new standards for high speed Ethernet was held at the IEEE 802.3 plenary meeting in San Diego.[4]

The first 802.3 HSSG study group meeting was held in September 2006.[5] In June 2007, a trade group called "Road to 100G" was formed after the NXTcomm trade show in Chicago.[6]

On December 5, 2007, the Project Authorization Request (PAR) for the P802.3ba 40 Gbit/s and 100 Gbit/s Ethernet Task Force was approved with the following project scope:[7]

The purpose of this project is to extend the 802.3 protocol to operating speeds of 40 Gbit/s and 100 Gbit/s in order to provide a significant increase in bandwidth while maintaining maximum compatibility with the installed base of 802.3 interfaces, previous investment in research and development, and principles of network operation and management. The project is to provide for the interconnection of equipment satisfying the distance requirements of the intended applications.

The 802.3ba task force met for the first time in January 2008.[8] This standard was approved at the June 2010 IEEE Standards Board meeting under the name IEEE Std 802.3ba-2010.[9]

The first 40 Gbit/s Ethernet Single-mode Fibre PMD study group meeting was held in January 2010 and on March 25, 2010 the P802.3bg Single-mode Fibre PMD Task Force was approved for the 40 Gbit/s serial SMF PMD.

The scope of this project is to add a single-mode fiber Physical Medium Dependent (PMD) option for serial 40 Gbit/s operation by specifying additions to, and appropriate modifications of, IEEE Std 802.3-2008 as amended by the IEEE P802.3ba project (and any other approved amendment or corrigendum).

On June 17, 2010, the IEEE 802.3ba standard was approved [1][10] In March 2011 the IEEE 802.3bg standard was approved.[12] On September 10, 2011, the P802.3bj 100 Gbit/s Backplane and Copper Cable task force was approved.[2]

The scope of this project is to specify additions to and appropriate modifications of IEEE Std 802.3 to add 100 Gbit/s 4-lane Physical Layer (PHY) specifications and management parameters for operation on backplanes and twinaxial copper cables, and specify optional Energy Efficient Ethernet (EEE) for 40 Gbit/s and 100 Gbit/s operation over backplanes and copper cables.

On May 10, 2013, the P802.3bm 40 Gbit/s and 100 Gbit/s Fiber Optic Task Force was approved.[3]

This project is to specify additions to and appropriate modifications of IEEE Std 802.3 to add 100 Gbit/s Physical Layer (PHY) specifications and management parameters, using a four-lane electrical interface for operation on multimode and single-mode fiber optic cables, and to specify optional Energy Efficient Ethernet (EEE) for 40 Gbit/s and 100 Gbit/s operation over fiber optic cables. In addition, to add 40 Gbit/s Physical Layer (PHY) specifications and management parameters for operation on extended reach (>10 km) single-mode fiber optic cables.

Also on May 10, 2013, the P802.3bq 40GBASE-T Task Force was approved.[11]

Specify a Physical Layer (PHY) for operation at 40 Gbit/s on balanced twisted-pair copper cabling, using existing Media Access Control, and with extensions to the appropriate physical layer management parameters.

On June 12, 2014, the IEEE 802.3bj standard was approved.[2] On February 16, 2015, the IEEE 802.3bm standard was approved.[12]

On May 12, 2016, the IEEE P802.3cd Task Force started working to define next generation two-lane 100 Gbit/s PHY.[13]

On May 14, 2018, the PAR for the IEEE P802.3ck Task Force was approved. The scope of this project is to specify additions to and appropriate modifications of IEEE Std 802.3 to add Physical Layer specifications and Management Parameters for 100 Gb/s, 200 Gb/s, and 400 Gb/s electrical interfaces based on 100 Gb/s signaling.[14]

On December 5, 2018 the IEEE-SA Board approved the P802.3cd standard

On November 12, 2018, the IEEE P802.3ct Task Force started working to define PHY supporting 100 Gbit/s operation on a single wavelength capable of at least 80 km over a DWDM system.[15]

Early products

Optical signal transmission over a nonlinear medium is principally an analog design problem. As such, it has evolved slower than digital circuit lithography (which generally progressed in step with Moore's law). This explains why 10 Gbit/s transport systems existed since the mid-1990s, while the first forays into 100 Gbit/s transmission happened about 15 years later – a 10x speed increase over 15 years is far slower than the 2x speed per 1.5 years typically cited for Moore's law.

Nevertheless, at least five firms (Ciena, Alcatel-Lucent, MRV, ADVA Optical and Huawei) made customer announcements for 100 Gbit/s transport systems[16]   by August 2011 – with varying degrees of capabilities. Although vendors claimed that 100 Gbit/s light paths could use existing analog optical infrastructure, deployment of high-speed technology was tightly controlled and extensive interoperability tests were required before moving them into service.

Designing routers or switches which support 100 Gbit/s interfaces is difficult. The need to process a 100 Gbit/s stream of packets at line rate without reordering within IP/MPLS microflows is one reason for this.

{{As of|2011}}, most components in the 100 Gbit/s packet processing path (PHY chips, NPUs, memories) were not readily available off-the-shelf or require extensive qualification and co-design. Another problem is related to the low-output production of 100 Gbit/s optical components, which were also not easily available{{snd}}especially in pluggable, long-reach or tunable laser flavors.

Backplane

NetLogic Microsystems announced backplane modules in October 2010.[17]

Multimode fiber

In 2009, Mellanox[18] and Reflex Photonics[19] announced modules based on the CFP agreement.

Single mode fiber

Finisar,[20] Sumitomo Electric Industries,[21] and OpNext[22] all demonstrated singlemode 40 or 100 Gbit/s Ethernet modules based on the C Form-factor Pluggable agreement at the European Conference and Exhibition on Optical Communication in 2009.

Compatibility

Optical fiber IEEE 802.3ba implementations were not compatible with the numerous 40 and 100 Gbit/s line rate transport systems because they had different optical layer and modulation formats as the IEEE 802.3ba Port Types show. In particular, existing 40 Gbit/s transport solutions that used dense wavelength-division multiplexing to pack four 10 Gbit/s signals into one optical medium were not compatible with the IEEE 802.3ba standard, which used either coarse WDM in 1310 nm wavelength region with four 25 Gbit/s or four 10 Gbit/s channels, or parallel optics with four or ten optical fibers per direction.

Test and measurement

  • Quellan announced a test board in 2009.[23]
  • Ixia developed Physical Coding Sublayer Lanes[24] and demonstrated a working 100GbE link through a test setup at NXTcomm in June 2008.[25] Ixia announced test equipment in November 2008.[26][27]
  • Discovery Semiconductors introduced optoelectronics converters for 100 Gbit/s testing of the 10 km and 40 km Ethernet standards in February 2009.[28]
  • JDS Uniphase introduced test and measurement products for 40 and 100 Gbit/s Ethernet in August 2009.[29]
  • Spirent Communications introduced test and measurement products in September 2009.[30]
  • EXFO demonstrated interoperability in January 2010.[31]
  • Xena Networks demonstrated test equipment at the Technical University of Denmark in January 2011.[32][33]
  • Calnex Solutions introduced 100GbE Synchronous Ethernet synchronisation test equipment in November 2014.[34]
  • Spirent Communications introduced the Attero-100G for 100GbE and 40GbE impairment emulation in April 2015.[35][36]
  • VeEX[37] introduced its CFP-based UX400-100GE and 40GE test and measurement platform in 2012,[38] followed by CFP2, CFP4, QSFP28 and QSFP+ versions in 2015.[39][40]

Mellanox Technologies

Mellanox Technologies introduced the ConnectX-4 100GbE single and dual port adapter in November 2014.[41] In the same period, Mellanox introduced availability of 100GbE copper and fiber cables.[42] In June 2015, Mellanox introduced the Spectrum 10, 25, 40, 50 and 100GbE switch models.[43]

Aitia

Aitia International introduced the C-GEP FPGA-based switching platform in February 2013.[44] Aitia also produce 100G/40G Ethernet PCS/PMA+MAC IP cores for FPGA developers and academic researchers.[45]

Arista

Arista Networks introduced the 7500E switch (with up to 96 100GbE ports) in April 2013.[46] In July 2014, Arista introduced the 7280E switch (the world's first top-of-rack switch with 100G uplink ports).[47]

Extreme Networks

Extreme Networks introduced a four-port 100GbE module for the BlackDiamond X8 core switch in November 2012.[48]

Dell

Dell's Force10 switches support 40 Gbit/s interfaces. These 40 Gbit/s fiber-optical interfaces using QSFP+ transceivers can be found on the Z9000 distributed core switches, S4810 and S4820[49] as well as the blade-switches MXL and the IO-Aggregator. The Dell PowerConnect 8100 series switches also offer 40 Gbit/s QSFP+ interfaces.[50]

Chelsio

Chelsio Communications introduced 40 Gbit/s Ethernet network adapters (based on the fifth generation of its Terminator architecture) in June 2013.[51]

Telesoft Technologies Ltd

Telesoft Technologies announced the dual 100G PCIe accelerator card, part of the MPAC-IP series.[52] Telesoft also announced the STR 400G (Segmented Traffic Router)[53] and the 100G MCE (Media Converter and Extension).[54]

Commercial trials and deployments

Unlike the "race to 10 Gbit/s" that was driven by the imminent need to address growth pains of the Internet in the late 1990s, customer interest in 100 Gbit/s technologies was mostly driven by economic factors. The common reasons to adopt the higher speeds were:[55]

  • to reduce the number of optical wavelengths ("lambdas") used and the need to light new fiber
  • to utilize bandwidth more efficiently than 10 Gbit/s link aggregate groups
  • to provide cheaper wholesale, internet peering and data center connectivity
  • to skip the relatively expensive 40 Gbit/s technology and move directly from 10 to 100 Gbit/s

Alcatel-Lucent

In November 2007, Alcatel-Lucent held the first field trial of 100 Gbit/s optical transmission. Completed over a live, in-service 504 kilometre portion of the Verizon network, it connected the Florida cities of Tampa and Miami.[56]

100GbE interfaces for the 7450 ESS/7750 SR service routing platform were first announced in June 2009, with field trials with Verizon,[57] T-Systems and Portugal Telecom taking place in June–September 2010. In September 2009, Alcatel-Lucent combined the 100G capabilities of its IP routing and optical transport portfolio in an integrated solution called Converged Backbone Transformation.[58]

In June 2011, Alcatel-Lucent introduced a packet processing architecture known as FP3, advertised for 400 Gbit/s rates.[59] Alcatel-Lucent announced the XRS 7950 core router (based on the FP3) in May 2012.[60][61]

Brocade

Brocade Communications Systems introduced their first 100GbE products (based on the former Foundry Networks MLXe hardware) in September 2010.[62] In June 2011, the new product went live at the AMS-IX traffic exchange point in Amsterdam.[63]

Cisco

Cisco Systems and Comcast announced their 100GbE trials in June 2008.[64] However, it is doubtful that this transmission could approach 100 Gbit/s speeds when using a 40 Gbit/s per slot CRS-1 platform for packet processing. Cisco's first deployment of 100GbE at AT&T and Comcast took place in April 2011.[65] In the same year, Cisco tested the 100GbE interface between CRS-3 and a new generation of their ASR9K edge router model.[66]

Huawei

In October 2008, Huawei presented their first 100GbE interface for their NE5000e router.[67] In September 2009, Huawei also demonstrated an end-to-end 100 Gbit/s link.[68] It was mentioned that Huawei's products had the self-developed NPU "Solar 2.0 PFE2A" onboard and was using pluggable optics in CFP form-factor.

In a mid-2010 product brief, the NE5000e linecards were given the commercial name LPUF-100 and credited with using two Solar-2.0 NPUs per 100GbE port in opposite (ingress/egress) configuration.[69] Nevertheless, in October 2010, the company referenced shipments of NE5000e to Russian cell operator "Megafon" as "40GBPS/slot" solution, with "scalability up to" 100 Gbit/s.[70]

In April 2011, Huawei announced that the NE5000e was updated to carry 2x100GbE interfaces per slot using LPU-200 linecards.[71] In a related solution brief, Huawei reported 120 thousand Solar 1.0 integrated circuits shipped to customers, but no Solar 2.0 numbers were given.[72] Following the August 2011 trial in Russia, Huawei reported paying 100 Gbit/s DWDM customers, but no 100GbE shipments on NE5000e.[73]

Juniper

Juniper Networks announced 100GbE for its T-series routers in June 2009.[74] The 1x100GbE option followed in Nov 2010, when a joint press release with academic backbone network Internet2 marked the first production 100GbE interfaces going live in real network.[75]

In the same year, Juniper demonstrated 100GbE operation between core (T-series) and edge (MX 3D) routers.[76] Juniper, in March 2011, announced first shipments of 100GbE interfaces to a major North American service provider (Verizon[77]).

In April 2011, Juniper deployed a 100GbE system on the UK education network JANET.[78] In July 2011, Juniper announced 100GbE with Australian ISP iiNet on their T1600 routing platform.[79] Juniper started shipping the MPC3E line card for the MX router, a 100GbE CFP MIC, and a 100GbE LR4 CFP optics in March 2012{{Citation needed|date=July 2016}}. In Spring 2013, Juniper Networks announced the availability of the MPC4E line card for the MX router that includes 2 100GbE CFP slots and 8 10GbE SFP+ interfaces{{Citation needed|date=July 2016}}.

In June 2015, Juniper Networks announced the availability of its CFP-100GBASE-ZR module which is a plug & play solution that brings 80 km 100GbE to MX & PTX based networks.[80] The CFP-100GBASE-ZR module uses DP-QPSK modulation and coherent receiver technology with an optimized DSP and FEC implementation. The low-power module can be directly retrofitted into existing CFP sockets on MX and PTX routers.

Standards

The IEEE 802.3 working group is concerned with the maintenance and extension of the Ethernet data communications standard. Additions to the 802.3 standard[81] are performed by task forces which are designated by one or two letters. For example, the 802.3z task force drafted the original Gigabit Ethernet standard.

802.3ba is the designation given to the higher speed Ethernet task force which completed its work to modify the 802.3 standard to support speeds higher than 10 Gbit/s in 2010.

The speeds chosen by 802.3ba were 40 and 100 Gbit/s to support both end-point and link aggregation needs respectively. This was the first time two different Ethernet speeds were specified in a single standard. The decision to include both speeds came from pressure to support the 40 Gbit/s rate for local server applications and the 100 Gbit/s rate for internet backbones. The standard was announced in July 2007[82] and was ratified on June 17, 2010.[9]

The 40/100 Gigabit Ethernet standards encompass a number of different Ethernet physical layer (PHY) specifications. A networking device may support different PHY types by means of pluggable modules. Optical modules are not standardized by any official standards body but are in multi-source agreements (MSAs). One agreement that supports 40 and 100 Gigabit Ethernet is the C Form-factor Pluggable (CFP) MSA[83] which was adopted for distances of 100+ meters. QSFP and CXP connector modules support shorter distances.[84]

The standard supports only full-duplex operation.[85] Other objectives include:

  • Preserve the 802.3 / Ethernet frame format utilizing the 802.3 MAC
  • Preserve minimum and maximum frame size of current 802.3 standard
  • Support a bit error rate (BER) better than or equal to 10−12 at the MAC/PLS service interface
  • Provide appropriate support for OTN
  • Support MAC data rates of 40 and 100 Gbit/s
  • Provide physical layer specifications (PHY) for operation over single-mode optical fiber (SMF), laser optimized multi-mode optical fiber (MMF) OM3 and OM4, copper cable assembly, and backplane.

The following nomenclature is used for the physical layers:[2][3][86]

Physical layer40 Gigabit Ethernet100 Gigabit Ethernet
Backplanen.a.100GBASE-KP4
Improved Backplane40GBASE-KR4100GBASE-KR4
100GBASE-KR2
7 m over twinax copper cable40GBASE-CR4100GBASE-CR10
100GBASE-CR4
100GBASE-CR2
30 m over "Cat.8" twisted pair40GBASE-Tn.a.
100 m over OM3 MMF40GBASE-SR4100GBASE-SR10
100GBASE-SR4
100GBASE-SR2
125 m over OM4 MMF[84]
500 m over SMF, serialn.a.100GBASE-DR
2 km over SMF, serial40GBASE-FRn.a.
10 km over SMF40GBASE-LR4100GBASE-LR4
40 km over SMF40GBASE-ER4100GBASE-ER4

The 100 m laser optimized multi-mode fiber (OM3) objective was met by parallel ribbon cable with 850 nm wavelength 10GBASE-SR like optics (40GBASE-SR4 and 100GBASE-SR10). The backplane objective with 4 lanes of 10GBASE-KR type PHYs (40GBASE-KR4). The copper cable objective is met with 4 or 10 differential lanes using SFF-8642 and SFF-8436 connectors. The 10 and 40 km 100 Gbit/s objectives with four wavelengths (around 1310 nm) of 25 Gbit/s optics (100GBASE-LR4 and 100GBASE-ER4) and the 10 km 40 Gbit/s objective with four wavelengths (around 1310 nm) of 10 Gbit/s optics (40GBASE-LR4).[87]

In January 2010 another IEEE project authorization started a task force to define a 40 Gbit/s serial single-mode optical fiber standard (40GBASE-FR). This was approved as standard 802.3bg in March 2011.[88] It used 1550 nm optics, had a reach of 2 km and was capable of receiving 1550 nm and 1310 nm wavelengths of light. The capability to receive 1310 nm light allows it to inter-operate with a longer reach 1310 nm PHY should one ever be developed. 1550 nm was chosen as the wavelength for 802.3bg transmission to make it compatible with existing test equipment and infrastructure.[89]

In December 2010, a 10x10 multi-source agreement (10x10 MSA) began to define an optical Physical Medium Dependent (PMD) sublayer and establish compatible sources of low-cost, low-power, pluggable optical transceivers based on 10 optical lanes at 10 Gbit/s each.[90] The 10x10 MSA was intended as a lower cost alternative to 100GBASE-LR4 for applications which do not require a link length longer than 2 km. It was intended for use with standard single mode G.652.C/D type low water peak cable with ten wavelengths ranging from 1523 to 1595 nm. The founding members were Google, Brocade Communications, JDSU and Santur.[91]

Other member companies of the 10x10 MSA included MRV, Enablence, Cyoptics, AFOP, oplink, Hitachi Cable America, AMS-IX, EXFO, Huawei, Kotura, Facebook and Effdon when the 2 km specification was announced in March 2011.[92]

The 10X10 MSA modules were intended to be the same size as the C Form-factor Pluggable specifications.

On June 12, 2014, the 802.3bj standard was approved. The 802.3bj standard specifies 100 Gbit/s 4x25G PHYs - 100GBASE-KR4, 100GBASE-KP4 and 100GBASE-CR4 - for backplane and twin-ax cable.

On February 16, 2015, the 802.3bm standard was approved. The 802.3bm standard specifies a lower-cost optical 100GBASE-SR4 PHY for MMF and a four-lane chip-to-module and chip-to-chip electrical specification (CAUI-4). The detailed objectives for the 802.3bm project can be found on the 802.3 website.

On May 14, 2018, the 802.3ck project was approved. This has objectives to:[93]

  • Define a single-lane 100 Gb/s Attachment Unit interface (AUI) for chip-to-module applications, compatible with PMDs based on 100 Gb/s per lane optical signaling
  • Define a single-lane 100 Gb/s Attachment Unit Interface (AUI) for chip-to-chip applications
  • Define a single-lane 100 Gb/s PHY for operation over electrical backplanes supporting an insertion loss ≤ 28 dB at 26.56 GHz.
  • Define a single-lane 100 Gb/s PHY for operation over twin-axial copper cables with lengths up to at least 2 m.

100G interface types

Comparison of fibre based and other Ethernet Physical transport layers (TP-PHYs)[94]
MMF
FDDI
62,5/125 µm
(1987)		MMF
OM1
62,5/125 µm
(1989)		MMF
OM2
50/125 µm
(1998)		MMF
OM3
50/125 µm
(2003)		MMF
OM4
50/125 µm
(2008)		MMF
OM5
50/125 µm
(2016)		SMF
OS1
9/125 µm
(1998)		SMF
OS2
9/125 µm
(2000)
160 MHz·km
@850 nm		 200 MHz·km
@850 nm		 500 MHz·km
@850 nm		 1500 MHz·km
@850 nm		 3500 MHz·km
@850 nm		 3500 MHz·km
@850 nm &
1850 MHz·km
@950 nm		 1 dB/km
@1300/
1550 nm		 0.4 dB/km
@1300/
1550 nm
Name Standard Status Media OFC or RFC Transceiver
Module		 Reach
in km		 #
Media		 Lanes
(⇅)		 Notes
100 Gigabit Ethernet (100 GbE) (1st Generation: 10GbE-based) - (Data rate: 100 Gbit/s - Line code: 64b/66b × NRZ - Line rate: 10x 10.3125 GBd = 103.125 GBd - Full-Duplex)}} [95][96][97]
-CR10
{{nowrap>Direct Attach}}		802.3ba-2010
(CL85)}}		phase-out}}twinaxial
balanced}}		CXP
(SFF-8642)
CFP2
CFP4
QSFP+}}		CXP
CFP2
CFP4
QSFP+		0.007110 Data centres (inter-rack)
CXP connector uses center 10 out of 12 channels.
100GBASE
-SR10		{{nowrap|802.3ba-2010
(CL82/86)}}		phase-out}}Fibre
{{fontcolour|red|850 nm}}}}		MPO/MTP
(MPO-24)}}		CXP
CFP
CFP2
CFP4
CPAK		{{nowrap|OM3: 0.1}}210
{{nowrap|OM4: 0.15}}
10×10G
(MSA)		proprietary
(non IEEE)
(Jan 2010)}}		phase-out}}Fibre
{{fontcolour|#F49AC2|1523 nm , 1531 nm
1539 nm , 1547 nm
1555 nm , 1563 nm
1571 nm , 1579 nm
1587 nm , 1595 nm}}}}		LC}}CFP{{nowrap|OSx:
2 / 10 / 40}}		21 WDM
multi-vendor Standard [98]
100 Gigabit Ethernet (100 GbE) (2nd Generation: 25GbE-based) - (Data rate: 100 Gbit/s - Line code: 256b/257b × RS-FEC(528,514) × NRZ - Line rate: 4x 25.78125 GBd = 103.125 GBd - Full-Duplex)}} [95][96][97][99]
-CR4
{{nowrap>Direct Attach}}		802.3bj-2010
(CL92)}}		current}}twinaxial
balanced}}		QSFP28
(SFF-8665)
CFP2
CFP4}}		QSFP28
CFP2
CFP4		0.00544 Data centres (inter-rack)
100GBASE
-KR4		802.3bj-2014
(CL93)}}		current}}Cu-Backplane}} {{N/A}} {{N/A}}0.00114 PCBs
total insertion loss of up to 35 dB at 12.9 GHz
100GBASE
-KP4		802.3bj-2014
(CL94)}}		current}}Cu-Backplane}} {{N/A}} {{N/A}}0.00114 PCBs
Line code: RS-FEC(544,514) × PAM4
× 92/90 framing and 31320/31280 lane identification
Line rate: 4x 13.59375 GBd = 54.375 GBd
total insertion loss of up to 33 dB at 7 GHz
100GBASE
-SR4		{{nowrap|802.3bm-2015
(CL95)}}		current}}Fibre
{{fontcolour|red|850 nm}}}}		MPO/MTP
(MPO-12)}}		QSFP28
CFP2
CFP4
CPAK		{{nowrap|OM3: 0.07}}24
{{nowrap|OM4: 0.1}}
100GBASE
-SR2-BiDi
{{nowrap|(BiDirectional)}}		proprietary
(non IEEE)}}		current}}Fibre
{{fontcolour|red|850 nm
900 nm}}}}		LC}}QSFP28{{nowrap|OM3: 0.07}}24WDM
Line rate: 2x (2x 26.5625 GBd)
duplex fiber with both being used to transmit and receive;
The major selling point of this variant is its ability to run over existing 25G multi-mode fiber (i.e. allowing easy migration from 25G to 100G).
{{nowrap|OM4: 0.1}}
100GBASE
-LR4		802.3ba-2010
(CL88)}}		current}}Fibre
{{fontcolour|#F88379|1295.56 nm
1300.05 nm
1304.59 nm
1309.14 nm}}}}		LC}}QSFP28
CFP
CFP2
CFP4
CPAK		{{nowrap|OSx: 10}}24 WDM
Line code: 64b/66b × NRZ
100GBASE
-ER4		802.3ba-2010
(CL88)}}		current}}QSFP28
CFP
CFP2		{{nowrap|OSx: 40}} WDM
Line code: 64b/66b × NRZ
100GBASE
-ZR		proprietary
(non IEEE)}}		current}}Fibre
{{fontcolour|#F49AC2|1546.119 nm}}}}		LC}}CFP{{nowrap|OSx: 80+}}22 Line code: DP-QPSK × SD-FEC
Line rate: 30.14475 GBd
Reduced bandwidth and line rate for ultra long distances.[100]
100GBASE
-PSM4
(MSA)		proprietary
(non IEEE)
(Jan 2014)}}		current}}Fibre
{{fontcolour|#F88379|1295 – 1325 nm}}}}		MPO/MTP
(MPO-12)}}		QSFP28
CFP4		{{nowrap|OSx: 0.5}}14 Data centres
Line code: 64b/66b × NRZ or 256b/257b × RS-FEC(528,514) × NRZ
multi-vendor Standard [101]
100GBASE
-CWDM4
(MSA)		proprietary
(non IEEE)
(Mar 2014)}}		current}}Fibre
{{fontcolour|#F88379|1264.5 – 1277.5 nm
1284.5 – 1297.5 nm
1304.5 – 1317.5 nm
1324.5 – 1337.5 nm}}}}		LC}}QSFP28
CFP2
CFP4		{{nowrap|OSx: 2}}24 Data centres
WDM
multi-vendor Standard [102][103]
100GBASE
-CLR4
(MSA)		proprietary
(non IEEE)
(Apr 2014)}}		current}}QSFP28{{nowrap|OSx: 2}} Data centres
WDM
Line code: 64b/66b × NRZ or 256b/257b × RS-FEC(528,514) × NRZ
Interoperable with 100GBASE-CWDM4 when using RS-FEC;
multi-vendor Standard [102][104]
100GBASE
-CWDM4-OCP}}
OCP
(MSA)		proprietary
(non IEEE)
(Mar 2014)}}		current}}Fibre
{{fontcolour|#F49AC2|1504 – 1566 nm}}}}		LC}}QSFP28{{nowrap|OSx: 2}}24 Data centres
WDM
Line code: 64b/66b × NRZ or 256b/257b × RS-FEC(528,514) × NRZ
Derived from 100GBASE-CWDM4 to allow cheaper transceivers;
multi-vendor Standard [105]
100 Gigabit Ethernet (100 GbE) (3rd Generation: 50GbE-based) - (Data rate: 100 Gbit/s - Line code: 256b/257b × RS-FEC(544,514) × PAM4 - Line rate: 2x 53.125 GBd = 106.25 GBd - Full-Duplex)}} [96][97]
100GBASE
-CR2		802.3cd-2018
(CL136)}}		current}}twinaxial
balanced}}		QSFP28
(SFF-8665)}}		QSFP280.00342 Data centres (in-rack)
100GBASE
-KR2		802.3cd-2018
(CL137)}}		current}}Cu-Backplane}} {{N/A}} {{N/A}}0.00112 PCBs
100GBASE
-SR2		{{nowrap|802.3cd-2018
(CL138)}}		current}}Fibre
{{fontcolour|red|850 nm}}}}		LC}}QSFP28{{nowrap|OM3: 0.07}}22
{{nowrap|OM4: 0.1}}
100GBASE
-DR		802.3cd-2018
(CL140)}}		current}}Fibre
{{fontcolour|#F88379|1311 nm}}}}		LC}}SFP112{{nowrap|OSx: 0.5}}21 Symbol rate: 53.1250 GBd
{{notelist}}

Coding schemes

10.3125 Gbaud with NRZ ("PAM2") and 64b66b on 10 lanes per direction

One of the earliest coding used, this widens the coding scheme used in single lane 10GE and quad lane 40G to use 10 lanes. Due to the low symbol rate, relatively long ranges can be achieved at the cost of using a lot of cabling.

This also allows breakout to 10×10GE, provided that the hardware supports splitting the port.

25.78125 Gbaud with NRZ ("PAM2") and 64b66b on 4 lanes per direction

A sped-up variant of the above, this directly corresponds to 10GE/40GE signalling at 2.5× speed. The higher symbol rate makes links more susceptible to errors.

If the device and transceiver support dual-speed operation, it is possible to reconfigure an 100G port to downspeed to 40G or 4×10G. There is no autonegotiation protocol for this, thus manual configuration is necessary. Similarly, a port can be broken into 4×25G if implemented in the hardware. This is applicable even for CWDM4, if a CWDM demultiplexer and CWDM 25G optics are used appropriately.

25.78125 Gbaud with NRZ ("PAM2") and RS-FEC(528,514) on 4 lanes per direction

To address the higher susceptibility to errors at these symbol rates, an application of Reed–Solomon error correction was defined in IEEE 802.3bj / Clause 91. This replaces the 64b66b encoding with a 256b257b encoding followed by the RS-FEC application, which combines to the exact same overhead as 64b66b. To the optical transceiver or cable, there is no distinction between this and 64b66b; some interface types (e.g. CWDM4) are defined "with or without FEC."

26.5625 Gbaud with PAM4 and RS-FEC(544,514) on 2 lanes per direction

This achieves a further doubling in bandwidth per lane (used to halve the number of lanes) by employing pulse amplitude modulation with 4 distinct analog levels, making each symbol carry 2 bits. To keep up error margins, the FEC overhead is doubled from 2.7% to 5.8%, which explains the slight rise in symbol rate.

53.125 Gbaud with PAM4 and RS-FEC(544,514) on 1 lane per direction

Further pushing silicon limits, this is a double rate variant of the previous, giving full 100GE operation over 1 medium lane.

30.14475 Gbaud with DP-QPSK and SD-FEC on 1 lane per direction

Mirroring OTN4 developments, this employs polarization to carry one axis of the DP-QPSK constellation. Additionally, new soft decision FEC algorithms take additional information on analog signal levels as input to the error correction procedure.

13.59375 Gbaud with PAM4, KP4 specific coding and RS-FEC(544,514) on 4 lanes per direction

A half-speed variant of 26.5625 Gbaud with RS-FEC, with a 31320/31280 step encoding the lane number into the signal, and further 92/90 framing.

40G interface types

Comparison of fibre based and other Ethernet Physical transport layers (TP-PHYs)[106]
MMF
FDDI
62,5/125 µm
(1987)		MMF
OM1
62,5/125 µm
(1989)		MMF
OM2
50/125 µm
(1998)		MMF
OM3
50/125 µm
(2003)		MMF
OM4
50/125 µm
(2008)		MMF
OM5
50/125 µm
(2016)		SMF
OS1
9/125 µm
(1998)		SMF
OS2
9/125 µm
(2000)
160 MHz·km
@850 nm		 200 MHz·km
@850 nm		 500 MHz·km
@850 nm		 1500 MHz·km
@850 nm		 3500 MHz·km
@850 nm		 3500 MHz·km
@850 nm &
1850 MHz·km
@950 nm		 1 dB/km
@1300/
1550 nm		 0.4 dB/km
@1300/
1550 nm
Name Standard Status Media OFC or RFC Transceiver
Module		 Reach
in km		 #
Media		 Lanes
(⇅)		 Notes
40 Gigabit Ethernet (40 GbE) - (Data rate: 40 Gbit/s - Line code: 64b/66b × NRZ - Line rate: 4x 10.3125 GBd = 41.25 GBd - Full-Duplex)}} [95][107][108][109]
-CR4
{{nowrap>Direct Attach}}		802.3ba-2010
(CL82/85)}}		phase-
out}}		twinaxial
balanced}}		QSFP+
(SFF-8635)}}		QSFP+0.0144 Data centres (inter-rack)
possible breakout / lane separation to 4x 10G
through splitter cable (QSFP+ to 4x SFP+);
involves CL73 for auto-negotiation and CL72 for link training.
40GBASE
-KR4		802.3ba-2010
(CL82/84)}}		phase-
out}}		Cu-Backplane}} {{N/A}} {{N/A}}0.00114 PCBs;
possible breakout / lane separation to 4x 10G
through splitter cable (QSFP+ to 4x SFP+);
involves CL73 for auto-negotiation, and CL72 for link training.
40GBASE
-SR4		{{nowrap|802.3ba-2010
(CL82/86)}}		phase-
out}}		Fibre
{{fontcolour|red|850 nm}}}}		MPO/MTP
(MPO-12)}}		CFP
QSFP+		{{nowrap|OM3: 0.1}}14possible breakout / lane separation to 4x 10G
through splitter cable (MPO/MTP to 4x LC-pairs).
{{nowrap|OM4: 0.15}}
40GBASE
-eSR4		proprietary
(non IEEE)}}		phase-
out}}		QSFP+{{nowrap|OM3: 0.3}}possible breakout / lane separation to 4x 10G
through splitter cable (MPO/MTP to 4x LC-pairs).
{{nowrap|OM4: 0.4}}
40GBASE
-SR2-BiDi
{{nowrap|(BiDirectional)}}		proprietary
(non IEEE)}}		phase-
out}}		Fibre
{{fontcolour|red|850 nm
900 nm}}}}		LC}}QSFP+{{nowrap|OM3: 0.1}}24WDM
duplex fiber each used to transmit and receive on two wavelengths;
The major selling point of this variant is its ability to run over existing 10G multi-mode fiber (i.e. allowing easy migration from 10G to 40G).
{{nowrap|OM4: 0.15}}
40GBASE
-LR4		802.3ba-2010
(CL82/87)}}		phase-
out}}		Fibre
{{fontcolour|#F88379|1264.5 – 1277.5 nm
1284.5 – 1297.5 nm
1304.5 – 1317.5 nm
1324.5 – 1337.5 nm}}}}		LC}}CFP
QSFP+		{{nowrap|OSx: 10}}24 WDM
40GBASE
-ER4		802.3bm-2015
(CL82/87)}}		phase-
out}}		QSFP+{{nowrap|OSx: 40}} WDM
40GBASE
-LX4 / -LM4		proprietary
(non IEEE)}}		phase-
out}}		QSFP+{{nowrap|OM3: 0.14}}WDM
as primarily designed for single mode (-LR4), this mode of operation is out of specification for some transceivers.
{{nowrap|OM4: 0.16}}
{{nowrap|OSx: 10}}
-PLR4
{{nowrap>(parallel -LR4)}}		proprietary
(non IEEE)}}		phase-
out}}		Fibre
{{fontcolour|#F88379|1310 nm}}}}		MPO/MTP
(MPO-12)}}		QSFP+{{nowrap|OSx: 10}}44 possible breakout / lane separation to 4x 10G
through splitter cable (MPO/MTP to 4x LC-pairs).
40GBASE
-FR		802.3bg-2011
(CL82/89)}}		phase-
out}}		Fibre
{{fontcolour|#F49AC2|1550 nm}}}}		LC}}CFP{{nowrap|OSx: 2}}21 Line rate: 41.25 GBd
capability to receive 1310 nm light besides 1550 nm;
allows inter-operation with a longer reach 1310 nm PHY (TBD);
use of 1550 nm implies compatibility with existing test equipment and infrastructure.
{{Visible anchor|Additional note for 40GBASE-CR4/-KR4
}}

CL73 allows communication between the 2 PHYs to exchange technical capability pages, and both PHYs come to a common speed and media type. Completion of CL73 initiates CL72. CL72 allows each of the 4 lanes' transmitters to adjust pre-emphasis via feedback from the link partner.

NameClauseMediaMedia
count		Symbol rate
Gigabaud		Symbol codingBreakout to 4×10G
40GBASE-T 113Twisted pair copper cable 1↕ × 4 3.2 PAM16 × (RS-FEC(192,186) + LDPC) not possible (but can autonegotiate to 1×10GBASE-T)
{{Visible anchor|40GBASE-T}}

40GBASE-T is a port type for 4-pair balanced twisted-pair Cat.8 copper cabling up to 30 m defined in IEEE 802.3bq.[110] IEEE 802.3bq-2016 standard was approved by The IEEE-SA Standards Board on June 30, 2016.[111] It uses 16-level PAM signaling over four lanes at 3,200 MBaud each, scaled up from 10GBASE-T.

Chip-to-chip/chip-to-module interfaces

{{Visible anchor|CAUI-10}}

CAUI-10 is a 100 Gbit/s 10-lane electrical interface defined in 802.3ba.[1]

{{Visible anchor|CAUI-4}}

CAUI-4 is a 100 Gbit/s 4-lane electrical interface defined in 802.3bm.[3]

{{Visible anchor|100GAUI-4}}

100GAUI-4 is a 100 Gbit/s 4-lane electrical interface defined in 802.3cd Clause 135D/E.

{{Visible anchor|100GAUI-2}}

100GAUI-2 is a 100 Gbit/s 2-lane electrical interface defined in 802.3cd Clause 135F/G.

Pluggable optics standards

{{Visible anchor|40G Transceiver Form Factors}}

The QSFP+ form factor is specified for use with the 40 Gigabit Ethernet. Copper direct attached cable (DAC) or optical modules are supported, see Figure 85–20 in the 802.3 spec. QSFP+ modules at 40Gbit/s can also be used to provide four independent ports of 10 gigabit Ethernet.[1]

{{Visible anchor|100G Transceiver Form Factors}}

CFP modules use the 10-lane CAUI-10 electrical interface.

CFP2 modules use the 10-lane CAUI-10 electrical interface or the 4-lane CAUI-4 electrical interface.

CFP4 modules use the 4-lane CAUI-4 electrical interface.[112]

QSFP28 modules use the CAUI-4 electrical interface.

SFP-DD or Small Form-factor Pluggable – Double Density modules use the 100GAUI-2 electrical interface.

Cisco's CPAK optical module uses the four lane CEI-28G-VSR electrical interface.[113][114]

There are also CXP and HD module standards.[115] CXP modules use the CAUI-10 electrical interface.

Optical connectors

Short reach interfaces use Multiple-Fiber Push-On/Pull-off (MPO) optical connectors; see subclause 86.10.3.3 of the 802.3 spec.[1] 40GBASE-SR4 and 100GBASE-SR4 use MPO-12 while 100GBASE-SR10 uses MPO-24 with one optical lane per fiber strand.

Long reach interfaces use duplex LC connectors with all optical lanes multiplexed with WDM.

See also

{{Portal|Computer networking}}{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
  • Ethernet Alliance
  • InfiniBand
  • Interconnect bottleneck
  • Optical communication
  • Optical fiber cable
  • Optical Transport Network
  • Parallel optical interface
  • Terabit Ethernet
{{Div col end}}

References

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46. ^{{Cite news |title= Arista heading off Cisco/Insieme at 100G SDNs? |work= Network World |date= May 1, 2013 |author= Jim Duffy |url= http://www.networkworld.com/news/2013/050113-arista-269279.html |accessdate= May 24, 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130517030020/http://www.networkworld.com/news/2013/050113-arista-269279.html |archive-date= 2013-05-17 |dead-url= yes |df= }}
47. ^{{Cite news |title= Arista Leading 100GbE Charge With 7280E Switch Series Launch |work= CRN |date= July 16, 2014 |author= Kristin Bent |url= http://www.crn.com/news/networking/300073437/arista-leading-100gbe-charge-with-7280e-switch-series-launch.htm |accessdate= February 18, 2016 }}
48. ^{{cite web|last=Duffy|first=Jim|title=Extreme joins Cisco, Brocade, Huawei at 100G|url=http://www.networkworld.com/news/2012/111312-extreme-blackdiamond-264212.html|publisher=Network World|accessdate=January 18, 2013|pages=1|date=November 13, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123175425/http://www.networkworld.com/news/2012/111312-extreme-blackdiamond-264212.html|archive-date=2013-01-23|dead-url=yes|df=}}
49. ^Dell Force10 S-series model comparison, visited 2 March 2013
50. ^Technical details PowerConnect 8100 series, visited: 2 March 2013
51. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.chelsio.com/chelsio-delivers-40gb-ethernet-adapter-40gbe-sets-new-performance-bar-for-high-speed-ethernet/ |title=Chelsio Delivers 40Gb Ethernet Adapter (40GbE), Sets new performance bar for high speed Ethernet |work=Press release |date=June 11, 2013 |accessdate=June 20, 2013 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6HZZBAaWj?url=http://www.chelsio.com/chelsio-delivers-40gb-ethernet-adapter-40gbe-sets-new-performance-bar-for-high-speed-ethernet/ |archivedate=2013-06-22 |deadurl=no |df= }}
52. ^{{Cite web |url=http://telesoft-technologies.com/technologies/mpac-ip-7200-dual-100g-ethernet-accelerator-card |title=Archived copy |access-date=2015-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703090557/http://telesoft-technologies.com/technologies/mpac-ip-7200-dual-100g-ethernet-accelerator-card |archive-date=2015-07-03 |dead-url=yes |df= }}
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55. ^100G in routers Juniper Networks Presentation at ECOC 2009
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64. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cisco.com/web/EA/expomorocco2009/docs/cisco_Expo_2009_NGN_Transport_published.pdf|title=Cisco NGN Transport Solutions}}
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66. ^{{cite web|last=Liu |first=Stephen |url=http://blogs.cisco.com/sp/cisco-live-showing-off-100ge-on-crs-3-and-asr-9000-series/ |title=Cisco Live! Showing Off 100GbE on CRS-3 and ASR 9000 Series |publisher=blogs.cisco.com |date=July 25, 2011 |accessdate=December 17, 2011}}
67. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.huawei.com/en/about-huawei/newsroom/press-release/hw-076816-corporate-2-optical-dwdmbackbone-transport_network.htm |title=Huawei Successfully Develops 100 Gigabit Ethernet WDM Prototype |access-date=2011-09-05 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/68wJHqzwW?url=http://www.huawei.com/en/about-huawei/newsroom/press-release/hw-076816-corporate-2-optical-dwdmbackbone-transport_network.htm |archive-date=2012-07-05 |dead-url=yes |df= }}
68. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.huawei.com/en/about-huawei/newsroom/press-release/hw-062645-corporate-ran-wnm-ran-wnp-ds-wisg-vs-win.htm | title=Huawei Launches World' s First End-to-End 100G Solutions | access-date=2011-09-05 | archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/68wJIcQQ7?url=http://www.huawei.com/en/about-huawei/newsroom/press-release/hw-062645-corporate-ran-wnm-ran-wnp-ds-wisg-vs-win.htm | archive-date=2012-07-05 | dead-url=yes | df= }}
69. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.huawei.com/en/static/hw-076756.pdf |title=Huawei E2E 100G Solution |access-date=2011-09-05 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/68wJJAJMw?url=http://www.huawei.com/en/static/hw-076756.pdf |archive-date=2012-07-05 |dead-url=yes |df= }}
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71. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.huawei.com/ilink/en/about-huawei/newsroom/press-release/092592?KeyTemps=200G,Router| title=Huawei Unveils the World's First 200G High-Speed Line Card for Routers }}
72. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.huawei.com/ilink/en/solutions/expand-broadband/HW_092902?KeyTemps=# | title=Huawei 200G Solution }}
73. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.huawei.com/ru/catalog.do?id=4630 |title=Оборудование Huawei 100G успешно прошло тестирование в России |access-date=2011-09-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225193656/http://www.huawei.com/ru/catalog.do?id=4630 |archive-date=2012-02-25 |dead-url=yes |df= }}
74. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.juniper.net/us/en/company/press-center/press-releases/2009/pr_2009_06_08-09_00.html | title= Juniper networks introduces breakthrough 100 gigabit Ethernet interface for t series routers }}
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76. ^{{cite web | url=http://investor.juniper.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=69801&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1496199&highlight= | title=Juniper Demonstrates Industry's First Live 100G Traffic From the Network Core to Edge | access-date=2011-09-05 | archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/68wJLxDyO?url=http://investor.juniper.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=69801&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1496199&highlight= | archive-date=2012-07-05 | dead-url=yes | df= }}
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78. ^Deploying 100GE JANET UK
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83. ^{{cite web |title=CFP Multi-Source Agreement |url=http://www.cfp-msa.org/ |work=official web site |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5k781ouJn?url=http://www.cfp-msa.org/ |archivedate=2009-09-28 |deadurl=no |accessdate=June 24, 2011 |df= }}
84. ^1 {{cite web |url = http://www.nanog.org/meetings/nanog47/presentations/Tuesday/Hankins_IEEE_N47_Tues.pdf |title = IEEE P802.3ba 40 GbE and 100 GbE Standards Update | format = PDF |accessdate=June 24, 2011 |author= Greg Hankins | date = October 20, 2009 | work = North American Network Operators' Group (NANOG) 47 Presentations }}
85. ^{{cite web |title=IEEE P802.3ba Objectives |author=John D'Ambrosia |url=http://www.ieee802.org/3/ba/PAR/P802.3ba_Objectives_0709.pdf |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5k77zCcGc?url=http://www.ieee802.org/3/ba/PAR/P802.3ba_Objectives_0709.pdf |archivedate=2009-09-28 |deadurl=no |accessdate=September 25, 2009 |df= }}
86. ^{{cite web |title=Chief Editor's Report |author=Ilango Ganga |url= http://www.ieee802.org/3/ba/public/may08/ganga_02_0508.pdf |date= May 13, 2009|work= IEEE P802.3ba 40Gb/s and 100Gb/s Ethernet Task Force public record |accessdate=June 7, 2011 |page=8 }}
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88. ^1 {{cite web |title= IEEE P802.3bg 40Gb/s Ethernet: Single-mode Fibre PMD Task Force |work= official task force web site |publisher= IEEE 802 |date= April 12, 2011 |url= http://www.ieee802.org/3/bg/ |accessdate=June 7, 2011 }}
89. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.ieee802.org/3/bg/public/nov10/anderson_01a_1110.pdf | title = Rationale for dual-band Rx in 40GBASE-FR | first1 = Jon| last1 = Anderson}}
90. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.10x10msa.org| title = 10 x 10 MSA – Low Cost 100 GB/s Pluggable Optical Transceiver |publisher= 10x10 multi-source agreement |work= official web site |accessdate=June 24, 2011 }}
91. ^{{cite news |title= Leading Industry Peers Join Forces to Develop Low-Cost 100G Multi-Source Agreement |date= December 7, 2010 |work= Businesswire news release |url= http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20101207005672/en |accessdate=June 24, 2011 }}
92. ^{{cite news |title= 10X10 MSA Ratifies Specification for Low Cost 100 Gb/s 2 Kilometer Links |date= March 4, 2011 |work= News release |publisher= 10x10 MSA |url= http://www.10x10msa.org/press_releases/10x10MSA_public_specification_released.pdf |accessdate= June 24, 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110718075117/http://www.10x10msa.org/press_releases/10x10MSA_public_specification_released.pdf |archive-date= 2011-07-18 |dead-url= yes |df= }}
93. ^http://www.ieee802.org/3/ck/P802_3ck_Objectives_2018mar.pdf
94. ^{{cite book |title=Ethernet: The Definitive Guide |edition=2nd |author=Charles E. Spurgeon |publisher=O'Reilly Media |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-4493-6184-6}}
95. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=https://www.nanog.org/sites/default/files/meetings/NANOG64/1004/20150604_Hankins_Evolution_Of_Ethernet_v1.pdf |title=Evolution of Ethernet Speeds: What's New and What's Next |publisher=Alcatel-Lucent |date=2015-06-03 |accessdate=2018-08-28}}
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97. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://www.ieee802.org/3/cd/public/May16/kipp_3cd_01a_0516.pdf |title=Multi-Port Implementations of 50/100/200GbE |publisher=Brocade |date=2016-05-22 |accessdate=2018-08-29}}
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99. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.xilinx.com/publications/prod_mktg/IEEE_Comms_Article.pdf |title=IEEE Communications Magazine December 2013, Vol. 51, No. 12 - Next Generation Backplane and Copper Cable Challenges |publisher=IEEE Communications Society |date=2013-12-01 |accessdate=2018-08-28}}
100. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.rfwireless-world.com/Terminology/QPSK-vs-DP-QPSK.html |title=QPSK vs DP-QPSK - difference between QPSK and DP-QPSK modulation |publisher=RF Wireless World |date=2018-07-15 |accessdate=2018-08-29}}
101. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.psm4.org/100G-PSM4-Specification-2.0.pdf |title=100G PSM4 Specification |publisher=PSM4 MSA Group |date=2014-09-15 |accessdate=2018-08-28}}
102. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.fiber-optic-transceiver-module.com/difference-between-100g-clr4-and-cwdm4.html |title=What's the Difference Between 100G CLR4 and CWDM4? |publisher=fiber-optic-transceiver-module.com |date=2017-02-12 |accessdate=2018-08-28}}
103. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.cwdm4-msa.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/CWDM4-MSA-Technical-Spec-1p1-1.pdf |title=100G CWDM4 MSA Technical Specifications |publisher=CWDM4 MSA Group |date=2015-11-24 |accessdate=2018-08-28}}
104. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.accelink.com/d/file/content/2017/06/595629dfcc3f8.pdf |title=100G CLR4 QSFP28 Optical Transceivers |publisher=Accelink |date=2017-06-30 |accessdate=2018-08-28}}
105. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.openopticsmsa.org/pdf/Open_Optics_Design_Guide.pdf |title=Open Optics MSA Design Guide |publisher=Open Compute Project - Mellanox Technologies |date=2015-03-08 |accessdate=2018-08-28}}
106. ^{{cite book |title=Ethernet: The Definitive Guide |edition=2nd |author=Charles E. Spurgeon |publisher=O'Reilly Media |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-4493-6184-6}}
107. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.ieee.li/pdf/viewgraphs/exploring_the_ieee_802_ethernet_ecosystem.pdf |title=Exploring The IEEE 802 Ethernet Ecosystem |publisher=IEEE |date=2017-06-04 |accessdate=2018-08-29}}
108. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/interfaces_modules/transceiver_modules/compatibility/matrix/40GE_Tx_Matrix.html |title=Cisco 40-Gigabit Ethernet Transceiver Modules Compatibility Matrix |publisher=Cisco |date=2018-08-23 |accessdate=2018-08-26}}
109. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.fiber-optic-transceiver-module.com/a-quick-overview-of-40gbe-40gbe-components.html |title=A Quick Overview of 40GbE & 40GbE Components |publisher=Blog of Fiber Transceivers |date=2016-01-13 |accessdate=2018-09-21}}
110. ^{{cite web|title=IEEE P802.3bq 40GBASE-T Task Force|url=http://www.ieee802.org/3/bq/|publisher=IEEE 802.3}}
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112. ^{{cite web | title = CFP MSA | url = http://www.cfp-msa.org/ }}
113. ^{{cite web | title = Cisco CPAK 100GBASE Modules Data Sheet | url = http://www.cisco.com/en/US/prod/collateral/routers/ps5763/data_sheet_c78-728110.html}}
114. ^{{cite web | title = Multi-Vendor Interoperability Testing of CFP2, CPAK and QSFP28 with CEI-28G-VSR and CEI-25G-LR Interface During ECOC 2013 Exhibition | url = http://www.oiforum.com/public/documents/OIF-ECOC2013-WhitePaper.pdf | archive-url = http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160523052913/http://www.oiforum.com/public/documents/OIF-ECOC2013-WhitePaper.pdf | dead-url = yes | archive-date = 2016-05-23 | access-date = 2019-02-04 | df = }}
115. ^{{cite web |title=4X25G Optical Modules and Future Optics |url=http://www.ethernetalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Ethernetnet-Alliance-ECOC-2012-Panel-1.pdf |author=Daniel Dove |accessdate=2013-07-04 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6I2p8ahke?url=http://www.ethernetalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Ethernetnet-Alliance-ECOC-2012-Panel-1.pdf |archivedate=2013-07-12 |deadurl=no |df= }}

Further reading

{{refbegin}}
  • Overview of Requirements and Applications for 40 Gigabit Ethernet and 100 Gigabit Ethernet Technology Overview White Paper ([https://www.webcitation.org/5iiKRuVcu?url=http://www.ethernetalliance.org/files/static_page_files/D13DCE87-1D09-3519-AD13E838D3CB0181/126_OVERVIEW_AND_APPLICATIONS2.pdf Archived] 2009-08-01) – Ethernet Alliance
  • 40 Gigabit Ethernet and 100 Gigabit Ethernet Technology Overview White Paper – Ethernet Alliance
{{refend}}

External links

  • Ethernet Alliance
  • {{cite web |url = http://www.networkworld.com/article/2238759/lan-wan/100g-ethernet-cheat-sheet.html |title = 100G Ethernet cheat sheet: A collection of articles, slideshows, multimedia content on 100G Ethernet |date = November 19, 2009 |work = Network World |accessdate=2016-08-24 }}
  • IEEE P802.3ba 40Gbit/s and 100Gbit/s Ethernet Task Force
  • IEEE P802.3ba 40Gbit/s and 100Gbit/s Ethernet Task Force public area
  • Higher Speed Study Group documents
{{Ethernet}}

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