词条 | Ecclesiastical peerage of Thailand | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
释义 |
Ecclesiastical peerages ({{lang-th|สมณศักดิ์}}; {{rtgs|samanasak}}; literally "ecclesiastical dignity") have traditionally been given to ordained members of the Thai sangha, the community of the Buddhist priests of Thailand. Each ecclesiastical peer holds a rank ({{lang-th|ยศ}}; {{rtgs|yot}}) and a title ({{lang-th|ราชทินนาม}}; {{rtgs|ratchathinnanam}}). For example, Phra Dharma Kośācārya ({{lang-th|พระธรรมโกศาจารย์}}; {{rtgs|Phra Tham Kosachan}}) is the title of a monk holding the rank of phra rachakhana ({{lang-th|พระราชาคณะ}}) in the dharma class. In addition to an ecclesiastical peerage, a monk may also be known by a layname (name as a layperson) and a dharmic name. Holders of certain ranks are given fans of rank ({{lang-th|พัดยศ}}; {{rtgs|phat yot}}). HistoryThe custom of giving peerages to Buddhist priests originated in Sri Lanka[1] and is believed to have been practiced in Thailand since the time of the Sukhothai Kingdom, during which the Sri Lanka's sect of Buddhism known as Laṅkāvaṃśa ({{lang-th|ลังกาวงศ์}}) was prevalent in the region and it appears that Srī Śraddhā ({{lang-th|ศรีศรัทธา}}; {{rtgs|Si Sattha}}), a nephew of King Pha Mueang, a local leader at that time, even travelled to the isle of Sri Lanka where he was ordained as a priest and was given a peerage.[1] Stone inscriptions of that time mention such ecclesiastical titles as Mahāthēra ({{lang-th|มหาเถร}}; {{rtgs|Mahathen}}) and Mahāsvāmī ({{lang-th|มหาสวามี}}; {{rtgs|Mahasawami}}).[1] During the reign of King Mahathammaracha II of Sukhothai, the Buddhist community of Sukhothai was divided into two sects: araṇyavāsī ({{lang-th|อรัญวาสี}}; {{rtgs|aranyawasi}}; literally "forest dwellers") and gāmavāsī ({{lang-th|คามวาสี}}; {{rtgs|khammawasi}}; literally "village dwellers"). The patriarchs of both sects held the title Mahāthēra.[1] In the Ayutthaya Kingdom, the gāmavāsī sect was again divided into two subsects: the northern sect ({{lang-th|หนเหนือ}}) and the southern sect ({{lang-th|หนใต้}}). The patriarchs of the northern sect were styled Phra Vanaratna ({{lang-th|พระวันรัตน์}}; {{rtgs|Phra Wannarat}}) or Phra Banaratna ({{lang-th|พระพนรัตน์}}; {{rtgs|Phra Phonnarat}}) and those of the southern sect were styled Phra Buddhaghoṣācārya ({{lang-th|พระพุทธโฆษาจารย์}}; {{rtgs|Phra Phutthakhosachan}}), whilst the patriarchs of the araṇyavāsī sect were styled Phra Buddhācārya ({{lang-th|พระพุทธาจารย์}}; {{rtgs|Phra Phutthachan}}).[1] It is also believed that senior monks had been appointed by the monarch of Ayuthaya as supreme patriarchs in charge of the entire monastic community.[1] In the subsequent kingdoms of Thon Buri and Rattanakosin, the same custom was practiced until the enactment of the Sangha Administration Statute 1902 ({{lang-th|พระราชบัญญัติลักษณปกครองคณะสงฆ์ รัตนโกสินทรศก ๑๒๑}}) by King Rama V, which established a Sangha Supreme Council to nominate monks to the monarch to be appointed to peerages.[1] This is upheld in the present Sangha Act 1962 ({{lang-th|พระราชบัญญัติคณะสงฆ์ พ.ศ. ๒๕๐๕}}),[1] except the appointment of the supreme patriarch which has been amended in January 2017 to solely be at the monarch's pleasure in line with the previous tradition.[1] Ranks and titlesAt present, the ranks and titles given to members of the Thai sangha are as follows (from highest to lowest):[2] Supreme patriarch{{main|Supreme Patriarch of Thailand}}Supreme patriarch ({{lang-th|สมเด็จพระสังฆราช}}; {{rtgs|somdet phra sangkharat}}) is the highest rank in the Thai sangha. A supreme patriarch who is a member of the royal family is called somdet phra sangkharat chao ({{lang-th|สมเด็จพระสังฆราชเจ้า}}), whilst one who is a commoner is merely called somdet phra sangkharat. At present, all the supreme patriarchs are appointed by the monarch of Thailand and are titled Ariyavaṃśāgatañāṇa ({{lang-th|อริยวงศาคตญาณ}}; {{rtgs|Ariyawongsakhatayan}}), prefixed by the honorific Somdet Phra ({{lang-th|สมเด็จพระ}}).[2] Somdet phra rachakhanaSomdet phra rachakhana ({{lang-th|สมเด็จพระราชาคณะ}}) is the second highest rank in the Thai sangha after the supreme patriarch. At present, somdet phra rachakhana are appointed by the monarch of Thailand and there can only be eight somdet phra rachakhana: four from the Mahā Nikāya sect and the other four from the Dhammayuttika Nikāya sect.[2]The titles for somdet phra rachakhana, each prefixed by the honorific Somdet Phra ({{lang-th|สมเด็จพระ}}), are as follows:
Phra rachakhanaPhra rachakhana ({{lang-th|พระราชาคณะ}}) is the third highest rank in the Thai sangha, divided into two classes: special ({{lang-th|พิเศษ}}) and ordinary ({{lang-th|สามัญ}}). At present, phra rachakhana are appointed by the monarch of Thailand, except those in the saman yok group of the ordinary class who are appointed by the supreme patriarch.[2] Special classesThere are four special classes:
Ordinary classThere are 477 posts available in the ordinary class, with 348 for Mahā Nikāya and 129 for Dhammayuttika Nikāya.[2] Members of this class have the honorific Phra ({{lang-th|พระ}}) prefixed to their titles, such as:
Phra khruPhra khru ({{lang-th|พระครู}}) is the lowest rank in the Thai sangha, divided into three classes:[2]
Holders of this rank have the honorific Phra Khru prefixed to their titles, such as:
See also
References1. ^{{cite journal|url=http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2560/A/002/1.PDF|title=Phraratchabanyat khanasong (chabap thī sām) phutthasakkarāt sǭng phan hā rǭi hoksip|script-title=th:พระราชบัญญัติคณะสงฆ์ (ฉบับที่ ๓) พ.ศ. ๒๕๖๐|trans-title=Sangha Act (No. 3), 2560 BE|publisher=Cabinet Secretariat of Thailand|location=Bangkok|journal=Royal Thai Government Gazette|volume=134|issue=2 A|page=1|date=2017-01-06|accessdate=2017-03-06}} 2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 {{cite web|url=http://kanchanapisek.or.th/kp6/sub/book/book.php?book=32&chap=1&page=t32-1-infodetail05.html|language=th|title=Phat yot lae samanasak|script-title=พัดยศและสมณศักดิ์|trans-title=Fans of ranks and ecclesiastical ranks|publisher=Thai Encyclopedia for Youth Project, Golden Jubilee Network|location=Bangkok|author-first=Natthaphat|author-last=Chanthawit|year=n.d.|accessdate=2017-03-06|website=Thai Encyclopedia for Youth}} 1 : Buddhism in Thailand |
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