| 词条 | Edificio del Seguro Médico, Havana | |||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Edificio del Seguro Médico | native_building_name = | native_name_lang = | logo = | logo_size = | logo_alt = | logo_caption = | image = Edificio del Seguro Médico. Havana, Cuba.jpg | image_size = | image_alt = | image_caption = | map_type = | map_alt = | map_caption = | map_size = | map_dot_label = | map_dot_mark = | relief = | former_names = | alternate_names = | etymology = | status = Occupied | cancelled = | topped_out = | building_type = Mixed use | architectural_style = Modern | classification = | location = El Vedado | address = 23 # 201 esquina a N, El Vedado, Plaza | location_city = Havana | location_country = Cuba | coordinates = {{coord|23.140440|-82.381541|format=dms|region:CU-02_type:landmark|display=inline,title}} | altitude = | current_tenants = Ministry of Public Health, The Prensa Latina | namesake = Edificio del Seguro Médico | groundbreaking_date = 1955 | start_date = | stop_date = | est_completion = 1958 | topped_out_date = | completion_date = | opened_date = | inauguration_date = | relocated_date = | renovation_date = | closing_date = | demolition_date = | cost = | ren_cost = | client = | owner = Colegio de Médicos Nacional de Cuba | landlord = | affiliation = | height = {{convert|90|meter}} | architectural = | tip = | antenna_spire = | roof = | top_floor = | observatory = | diameter = | circumference = | weight = | other_dimensions = | structural_system = Column-wall and slab | material = Concrete, concrete block, wood, aluminum, glass | size = | floor_count = 23 | floor_area = {{convert|15,084|m2|sqft|abbr=on}} | elevator_count = 3 | grounds_area = {{convert|1,806|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}+ 2,000 m2[1] | architect = Antonio Quintana Simonetti, Augusto Pérez Beato, Juan Tosca Sotolongo, José Feito Mayoy and Rolando Samuel[2] | architecture_firm = Quintana, Rubio y Pérez Beato | developer = | engineer = | structural_engineer = | services_engineer = | civil_engineer = | other_designers = | quantity_surveyor = | main_contractor = | awards = Premio Medalla de Oro del Colegio Nacional de Arquitectos. Premio anual, 1959 | designations = | known_for = One of the first mixed use buildings in Havana | ren_architect = | ren_firm = | ren_engineer = | ren_str_engineer = | ren_serv_engineer = | ren_civ_engineer = | ren_oth_designers = | ren_qty_surveyor = | ren_contractor = | ren_awards = | rooms = 71 apts | parking = | website = | embed = | embedded = | references = | footnotes = }} The Edificio del Seguro Médico in El Vedado was built between 1955 and 1958, designed as a mixed use building for apartments and offices for the headquarters of the National Medical Insurance Company, it is considered to be one of the best commercial buildings in Havana of the 50s and of the best modernist buildings overall including the FOCSA Building by Ernesto Gómez Sampera (1921–2004) and Martín Domínguez Esteban (1897-1970). The latter designed the Radiocentro CMQ Building. In regards to Edificio del Seguro Médico an architect from the Universidad de Oriente, Santiago de Cuba, Carlos Alberto Odio Soto made the following observation:{{quote| "Within the modern heritage architecture of the 50s, there is the Medical Insurance Building, work designed by the architect Antonio Quintana in 1955. This work was praised even before its inauguration by the prestigious Professor Pedro Martínez Inclán on the occasion of the delivery of the First Prize to the Project where he proposed that Quintana, when he managed to carry out his project, could blazon of having endowed Havana, according to the famous sentence of Paul Valery, "of a building that speaks." At the national level, Quintana received the recognition of the main specialized publications that circulated in the country at that time: Architecture, Space, Cuba Album, etc .; at the same time is diffused internationally through the book Latin American Architecture since 1945, published by the Museum of Modern Art in New York, and the Exhibition of Modern Cuban Architecture held in the city itself by the Architectural League. Almost at the end of the 50s, he receives two distinctions: in 1959 the Gold Medal Award of the National College of Architects and the condition of best commercial work of this period."[1]}} Today the building houses the Cuban Ministry of Public Health and the Prensa Latina Agency.[2] The only complete package of information about the building are the slides that were presented for the architectural contest, collected in the magazine 'Arquitectura', nº 269, of 1955 published by the College of Architects of Havana.[1] The Edificio del Seguro Médico was awarded First Prize at the Architecture Competition in 1954 and a Gold Medal by the School of Architects in Havana in 1959.[3][4] HistoryThe project arose as a result of a public architectural competition held in 1955 for the new headquarters of the Cuban Colegio de Médicos (National Medical Association) and the offices of the Medical Insurance Company. Given the high cost of the site, the complexity of the initial project was increased by the need to add rental income from apartments that would help to make the building profitable. Antonio Quintana's proposal was the winner since it managed to solve the complexity of the program with two volumes: a five-story box containing administrative offices, an auditorium, and lobbies and an eighteen-story modernist slab with its own separate entrance lobby. Quintana established a visual dialogue between the two geometries and generated new guidelines for the new emerging modernist, mixed use typologies in the city.[1] The Seguro Medico was a private company, they were the landlord and owner of the residential tower and thus subject to the new property redistribution instituted by the Castro government. Early in the new revolutionary government, guided by the principals that: 1. housing is a right, not a commodity, 2. housing should be equitable, and 3. the government is the primary decision maker, "Fidel Castro sought to release the grip landlords held on Cuban properties with a 1960 urban-reform law that eliminated multiple ownership, gave renters a chance to buy their homes at low cost and made the state responsible for providing housing." Thus, all private property was abolished and the government forcefully became the new owner of the Seguro Medico building.[5] ProgramThe first mixed-use building in Havana was the Radiocentro CMQ Building, also on La Rampa (Calle 23). The modernist Edificio del Seguro Médico is one of the earliest mixed-use buildings (commercial/residential) in Havana. Similar to the Lever House in Manhattan, Antonio Quintana Simonetti (1919–1943) sets up a relationship of two volumes of dissimilar proportion: a box at the lower level containing the Seguro Médico offices, and an eighteen-story residential block. Similar to the FOCSA Building's podium used only for recreation, the residences are located over the roof of the Seguro Medico offices; a large plane made into a children's playground (garden) as shown in the Quintana sketch-drawing for that area. Because the building must accommodate a dual program, there is a total separation by way of two scales, two structural modules and two entrances on two different streets. {{clear}}ArchitectureResidential moduleThe residential block has an architectural module of 9.40 meters (30'-10") by 3.40 meters (11'-1.86"). The 9.40 meters dimension is expressed on the north-east elevation of the office block. The outboard balconies are of different color and alternate position on every floor. The lower volume occupied today by the Ministry of Public Health, and perhaps anticipating the work of Robert Venturi in the ISI Building at 3501 Market Street near the Penn campus, has a totally flush facade on the north-east side of the building so that we get a totally modernist reading where no shadows from the window frames or of the structure of the building, for instance, register on the facade.[6] The {{convert|3.40|m}} width of the rooms is further subdivided into three sections of {{convert|1.13|m}} and this module determines the width of doors, windows and passages between rooms within the apartment. The wooden windows have two sets of nine movable slats that can be independently controlled to modulate the natural light in the room, they can be completely closed to make the room totally dark, even in bright days. The pattern of the windows and door and the bearing walls (9.40 meters apart) are expressed on the Calle N elevation. Walls and floorsThere are four structural walls of poured in place reinforced concrete. The two center walls are the shear panels of the tower. The height of the apartment ceilings are eleven concrete blocks high plus a terrazzo base ({{convert|2352|mm}}). They divide the apartments and rooms and are unpainted, set in common, gray mortar, the wall sits on top of a black {{convert|152|mm}} terrazzo baseboard that matches the floors. Several of the doors in the apartment as the bathroom doors for instance have fixed louvers between the space from the top of the door to the ceiling, some of the doors have a {{convert|320|mm}} fixed panel of glass over them. In some of the bath rooms, the terrazzo floor is raised by a step. In both sides of the rear elevation on each floor there is a 12.65 meter long wall that is subdivided down the center it is divided horizontally into three parts: 1-Two prefab concrete panels of 6.32 m or 9.48 m in length depending on the lay out of the floor. 2- Located under the kitchen cabinets, a strip window of equal length and in the middle ot the two concrete panels. The window has wooden "persianas" (venetian blinds) that were widely used in modern and traditional residential buildings in Havana such as the FOCSA Building and the López Serrano Building. The other wall is the exterior wall of the public corridor, made of floor to ceiling concrete blocks and set in such a way that allows for 8" X 8" openings throughout so that the exterior wall of the semi-public corridor is partially open to the elements. The concrete block wall is either 6.32 or 3.17 meters long and alternates with the plank wall in an abstract pattern. The wall enclosing the vestibule in front of the elevators is made of an aluminum frame for glass panel inserts with operable windows. Originally the floors in the residential tower were of black terrazzo. The balconies have a six-inch terrazzo baseboard and two incandescent lights located in the ceiling of the balcony above. The front railing of the outboard balconies are the upturned concrete floor slab, the two pre-fab side railings are metal. Ventilation and lighte The north wall is as thin as it is modern where nothing is left to chance; the wall is fully mechanized, designed to regulate with maximum efficiency the breezes from the north and natural light. The entire wall is subdivided according to the {{convert|1.13|m}} module and it is composed of louvered doors and windows that can be made to open completely, so that the wall is de-materialized, or, its opposite, be made to change its character to the point where no air or light can pass through or enter the rooms. On the rear elevation, two different wall surface designs form an abstract pattern. One design accommodates a horizontal operable window in the middle of the wall which is made up of two prefab concrete slabs. The other design makes the wall partially porous by the placement of the cmu to allow for views, natural light and ventilation. {{clear}}MuralsThe building's main entrance commercial vestibule on La Rampa has a black and white tesserae mural by Wifredo Lam entitled "Abstracción." The residential lobby on Calle N has "Boomerang," a mural by Mariano Rodriguez. StructureCurtain wallThe residential block is supported by four bearing walls 9.40 meters apart. These 4 walls are expressed on the office block by vertical glass mullions. The 4 walls allows for curtain wall construction: a nonload bearing facade.[1] The structural module of 9.40 meters by 10.30 meters. The 9.40-meter dimension between walls is further subdivided into three modules of 3.13 meters ( 10'-3"), and this is the architectural dimension we saw previously of all the bedrooms and living rooms.[1] There are eleven 3.15 meter subdivisions in total which make up the one bedroom (6.30 meters) and two bedrooms (9.40 meters) apartments. The outermost 3.13 meters of slab at either end, and on each floor, shown hatched on the structural plan diagram, is cantilevered and that is how Quintana achieves the thin walls at the ends of the apartment block (on the NE elevation), these walls only carry their own weight. They are the same thickness as the floor slabs. All outboard balconies are 5.34 meters long, all non-service rooms have access to balconies. The two basic floor plans of apartments alternate between the eighth floor and the twenty-third floor. The apartments on the seventh floor (the 1,449 sq m roof of the office block) had private gardens; the end wall of the residential block are missing and the residential block appears to float. (N.E. elevation). Unfortunately, the tenants of this apartment have added rooms so this subtle modernist detail has been lost.[7] These three units and their private gardens overlooking Calle 23 were confiscated early in 1960, the whole rood was made into a children's playground, but this project eventually closed. Office moduleThe 34.50 × 42 meter open structure floor plan (1,449 sq m) of the offices below the residential block (ground, second-floor plans) has a module of columns that is 9.4 m × 8.4 m on center and accommodates stairs of various dimensions, elevators, ramps, toilets and an auditorium. It has a modernist reading as these appear as 'objects in space'. The 9.40 meter distance of the bearing walls of the residential slab above is positioned over the office block in such a way that the two innermost structural walls are carried down to the foundation of the building while the two outermost walls are supported by two columns each (below the sixth floor) as can be seen on the ground-floor and second-floor plans.[7] {{clear}}Gallery
References1. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.arquitecturacuba.com/2010/07/edificio-del-seguro-medico-antonio.html|title=Edificio del Seguro Médico, Antonio Quintana - 1955|access-date=2018-11-03}} {{clear}}2. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.cibercuba.com/lecturas/5-edificios-de-antonio-quintana-en-el-vedado|title=5 edificios de Antonio Quintana en el Vedado|access-date=2018-11-20}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.lahabana.com/guide/edificio-del-seguro-medico/|title=Edificio de Seguro Médico|access-date=2018-11-21}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.arquitecturacuba.com/2010/07/edificio-del-seguro-medico-antonio.html?view=sidebar|title=Edificio del Seguro Médico, Antonio Quintana – 1955|access-date=2018-11-21}} 5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.housingfinance.org/uploads/Publicationsmanager/Caribbean_Cuba_HousinginCastrosCuba.pdf|title=HOUSING POLICY IN CASTRO’S CUBA |access-date=2018-12-02}} 6. ^{{cite web|url=https://drexelmasterplan.wordpress.com/2011/04/06/buildings-north-academic-building-from-the-2007-master-plan/|title=Buildings: North Academic Building from the 2007 Master Plan|access-date=2018-11-21}} 7. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite web|url=http://hdl.handle.net/2099.1/7627|title=Edificio para el seguro medico, La Habana|access-date=2018-11-22}} External links{{Portal|Cuba}}[https://www.scribd.com/document/33914344/Antonio-Quintana-Edificio-Seguro-Medico-en-La-Habana|Edificio Seguro Medico_Ivan Petkov Ivanov]{{Havana landmarks}}20th century in Cuba20th century in Havana1958 in Cuba1950s in Cuba{{DEFAULTSORT:Radiocentro CMQ Building}} 8 : Residential buildings completed in 1958|Buildings and structures in Havana|Spanish architects|1958 architecture|Buildings and structures completed in 1958|Commercial buildings completed in 1958|Office buildings completed in 1958|Streets in Havana |
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