| 词条 | Education of Hawaiian Youths Abroad |
| 释义 |
Education of Hawaiian Youths Abroad was a government-funded educational program during the reign of King Kalākaua, to help students further their educations beyond the institutions available in Hawaii at that time. Students were personally selected by Kalākaua, based upon family background and academic excellence. All living accommodations and expenses were taken care of for chosen students enrolled in a foreign university or apprenticed outside of the kingdom of Hawaii to learn a trade. On June{{nbsp}}1, 1880, representative Robert Hoapili Baker, formerly a member of the king's Household Guard, succeeded in getting the House of Representatives to appropriate $15,000 to support the program.[1] Further appropriations for the program were $30,000 in 1882, $25,000 in 1884, and $30,000 in 1886, for an aggregate total of $100,000 investment in the program.[2] Between 1880 and 1887, five young Hawaiians, four boys and one girl, were sent to study in Italy. The first group of students were Robert Napuʻuako Boyd, Robert William Wilcox and James Kaneholo Booth, leaving Honolulu on August 30, 1880, under the guardianship of Celso Caesar Moreno.[3] Kalākaua intended for them to be sent to a Prussian military academy; however, once in Prussia, Moreno decided the designated school did not have the structure Kalākaua had in mind. The three young men were eventually enrolled at three different academies in Livorno, Turin and Naples, respectively.[4] On September 15, 1884, Booth died of cholera at his school.[5] The second group of two students were sent to the Military Academy of Turin in 1887 to prepare for a career in the cultural arts. August Hering was a student in sculpture, and Maile Nowlein, daughter of Colonel Samuel Nowlein, studied art and music. Both were guests at Wilcox's wedding to Baronessa Gina Sobrero.[6] Three students were escorted to Glasgow, Scotland by Charles Hastings Judd in 1882 and apprenticed at the Scotland Street Iron Works. One of them, Hugo Kawelo, returned to Hawaii in 1885 due to ill health. The other two, Henry Kapena and John Lovell were able to complete their apprenticeship in 1886, and secured positions in San Francisco. Kapena returned to Hawaii within months of arriving in San Francisco.[7] In 1882, Judd accompanied Joseph A. Kamauoha for his enrollment at King's College London. He accompanied Matthew Makalua and Abraham Charles Piianaia to their enrollment at Denstone College. All three students were placed under the guardianship of Hawaii Consul-General Manley Hopkins, who sent regular detailed accounts to Kalākaua. Hopkins gave each student an allowance, and taught them how to manage a budget by requiring them to pay their own expenses out of the allowance. In 1886, Kamauoha succumbed to a lengthy illness thought to be the result of London's weather. Piianaia pursued studies in law, and was called home after the Bayonet Constitution was signed. He became principal of the Government English School at Ulupalakua, Maui. In 1890, he married Fanny Malulani, a student of St. Andrew's Priory School in Honolulu. A quilt made by students at St. Andrews Priory as a wedding present is in a collection at the Bishop Museum in Honolulu.[8] Makalua married Annie Clementina Dewar in England and had a son. Manley was able to convince the Hawaiian government to allow Makalua to remain in London until he completed his medical studies in 1890. Makalua never returned to Hawaii, but remained in England and became a doctor.[9] In 1882, Judd enrolled Thomas Spencer at Saint Matthew's Episcopal Day School in San Mateo, California. In 1885, Thomas Pualii Cummins, son of John Adams Cummins, and the king's three nephews, David Kawānanakoa, Edward Abnel Keliʻiahonui, and Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole were also enrolled in the school. Keliʻiahonui fell ill with typhoid fever in September 1887, and was immediately returned to Hawaii where he died on September 21.[10] Henry Grube Marchant was sent to Boston in 1887 to study engraving.[11] Three youths were sent to China and Japan for Asian studies, but not a lot is recorded about them. James Kapaa studied in Canton, China from 1882 until his return to Hawaii in 1885. James Hakuole and Isaac Harbottle were sent to Japan in 1882 under the guardianship of R. W. Lewin. They became fluent in the Japanese language and immersed in the culture of Japan. In 1887 Lewin recommended both young men be enrolled in the Imperial Japanese Military University. The enrollment never happened, because they were called home after the Bayonet Constitution went into effect.[12] Funding for the program ended with the political upheaval following the signing of the Bayonet Constitution in 1887. Most of the students were recalled home to Hawaii. Unable to find work for suited for their military training, Wilcox and Boyd, two of the most controversial returnees, participated in the unsuccessful Wilcox rebellion of 1889 aimed at restoring the constitution of 1864. Critics in the English press in Hawaii noted the insurrection as an example of the folly of the program. The last student to receive governmental funding Makalua stopped receiving aid after 1894.[13][14] The 1901 legislative session of Territory of Hawaii attempted to pass a bill by Representative Jonah Kumalae to create a similar education program to send poor Hawaiian youths to the US mainland or aboard for education in top universities.{{sfn|Williams|2015|pages=1–45}} However, it was never passed. Citations1. ^{{cite news|title=Resolutions|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015418/1880-06-05/ed-1/seq-5/|accessdate=January 24, 2017|via=Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.|newspaper=The Pacific Commercial Advertiser|date=June 5, 1880|location=Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands}} 2. ^{{cite news|title=Hawaiian Legislature: Department of Foreign Affairs|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015418/1882-06-10/ed-1/seq-5/|accessdate=January 24, 2017|via=Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.|newspaper=The Pacific Commercial Advertiser|date=June 10, 1882|location=Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands}}; {{cite news|title=The Legislature|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82016412/1884-07-01/ed-1/seq-2/|accessdate=January 24, 2017|via=Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.|newspaper=The Daily Bulletin|date=July 1, 1884|location=Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands}}; {{cite news|title=Resolutions|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85047084/1886-09-28/ed-1/seq-3/|accessdate=January 24, 2017|via=Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.|newspaper=The Pacific Commercial Advertiser|date=September 28, 1886|location=Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands}} 3. ^{{harvnb|Quigg|1988|p=174}} 4. ^{{harvnb|Quigg|1988|p=176}}; {{cite news|title=Letter From Europe No. 40|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015418/1881-01-29/ed-1/seq-4/|accessdate=January 24, 2017|via=Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.|newspaper=The Pacific Commercial Advertiser|date=January 29, 1881|location=Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands}} 5. ^{{cite news|title=The Late Mr. James Booth|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015418/1884-10-28/ed-1/seq-1/|accessdate=January 24, 2017|via=Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.|newspaper=The Pacific Commercial Advertiser|date=October 28, 1884|location=Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands}} 6. ^{{harvnb|Quigg|1988|p=183}} 7. ^{{harvnb|Quigg|1988|pp=184–187}} 8. ^{{cite web|title=Crazy Quilt|url=http://data.bishopmuseum.org/ethnologydb/detailed.php?ARTNO=1941.102|publisher=Bishop Museum|accessdate=January 26, 2017}}; {{cite news|title=The Late Mr. James Booth|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85047084/1890-07-25/ed-1/seq-3/|accessdate=January 26, 2017|via=Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.|newspaper=The Pacific Commercial Advertiser|date=July 25, 1890|location=Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands}} 9. ^{{harvnb|Quigg|1988|pp=187–195}}; {{cite web|title=Dr. Makalua|url=http://friendsofhastingscemetery.org.uk/makaluam.html|publisher=Friends of Hastings Cemetery}}; {{cite web|title=Person Page – 36975|url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p36975.htm#i369742|website=The Peerage Page|accessdate=January 26, 2017}} 10. ^{{cite news|title=Prince Keliʻiahonui|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85047084/1887-09-22/ed-1/seq-3/|accessdate=January 27, 2017|via=Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.|newspaper=The Pacific Commercial Advertiser|date=September 22, 1887|location=Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands}} 11. ^{{harvnb|Quigg|1988|pp=198–201}}; {{harvnb|Allen|1995|page=96–98}} 12. ^{{harvnb|Quigg|1988|pp=195–198}} 13. ^{{harvnb|Quigg|1988|pp=201–205}} 14. ^{{cite news|title=The Insurrection!|newspaper=The Daily Bulletin|location=Honolulu|date=August 1, 1889|volume=|issue=|page=2|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82016412/1889-08-01/ed-1/seq-2/}}; {{cite news|title=Unsuccessful Attempt At Revolution!|newspaper=The Daily Bulletin|location=Honolulu|date=August 2, 1889|volume=|issue=|page=2|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82016412/1889-08-02/ed-1/seq-2/}} References
5 : Kingdom of Hawaii|Education in Hawaii|Study abroad programs|1880 establishments|1887 disestablishments |
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