“Bavarian language”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

词条

Bavarian language

释义

History
Geographical distribution and dialects
Use
School Literature Web
Phonology
Consonants Vowels
Grammar
Pronouns Personal pronouns Possessive pronouns Indefinite pronouns Interrogative pronouns
Society
Samples of Bavarian and Austrian{{clarify|date=December 2018}}
See also
References
Further reading
External links

{{short description|Major group of Upper German varieties spoken in the southeast of the German language area Bavaria}}{{Refimprove|date=February 2010}}{{Infobox language
|name=Bavarian
|nativename={{lang|bar|Boarisch}}, {{lang|bar|Bairisch}}
|region= Austria, Bavaria, and South Tyrol
|speakers={{Sigfig|14,089,000|2}}
|date=2016
|ref=e18
|familycolor=Indo-European
|fam2=Germanic
|fam3=West Germanic
|fam4=Irminonic
|fam5=High German
|fam6=Upper German
|iso3=bar
|glotto=bava1246
|glottoname=Bavarian proper
|glottorefname=Bavarian
|glotto2=baye1239
|glottoname2=Bayerisch
|map=Bairisches Mundartgebiet.PNG
|mapcaption=Location map of Bavarian
}}

Bavarian (also known as Bavarian Austrian or Austro-Bavarian; {{lang|bar|Boarisch}} {{IPA-bar|ˈbɔɑrɪʃ|}} or {{lang|bar|Bairisch}}; {{lang-de|Bairisch}} {{IPA-de|ˈbaɪʁɪʃ||Bairisch.ogg}}; {{lang-hu|bajor}}) is a West Germanic language^[1] belonging to the Upper German group, spoken in the southeast of the German language area, much of Bavaria, most of Austria and South Tyrol in Italy, as well as Samnaun in Switzerland.^[1] Before 1945, Bavarian was also prevalent in parts of the southern Czech Republic and western Hungary.

It forms a continuum of more or less mutually intelligible local and regional variants.

This cluster of dialects is classified as an individual language (distinct and independent^[2]) by ISO 693-3 codification.^[3]

History

The Bavarians as a group formed in the early medieval period, as the population of the Duchy of Bavaria, forming the south-eastern part of the kingdom of Germany. The Old High German documents from the area of Bavaria are identified as {{lang|de|Altbairisch}} ("Old Bavarian"), even though at this early date there are few distinctive features that would divide it from Alemannic German.

The dialectal separation of Upper German into East Upper German (Bavarian) and West Upper German (Alemannic) becomes more tangible in the Middle High German period, from about the 12th century.

Geographical distribution and dialects

In Bavaria, the language is spoken in Upper Bavaria, Lower Bavaria, and the Upper Palatinate;
In Austria, except Vorarlberg and Reutte;
In Italy in South Tyrol and a handful of linguistic enclaves of Cimbrian and Carnic people in Northern Italy;
In Switzerland, it is spoken in the village of Samnaun, in Grisons;
In Sopron (Hungary) and surroundings.

Three main dialect groups in Bavarian are:

Northern Bavarian, mainly spoken in Upper Palatinate, but also in adjacent areas (small parts of Upper Franconia (Wunsiedel (district) and Bayreuth (district)), Saxony (southern Vogtland), Middle Franconia, Upper Bavaria and Lower Bavaria).
Central Bavarian along the main rivers Isar and Danube, spoken in Upper Bavaria (including Munich, which has a standard German speaking majority), Lower Bavaria, southern Upper Palatinate, the Swabian district of Aichach-Friedberg, the northern parts of the State of Salzburg, Upper Austria, Lower Austria, Vienna (see Viennese German) and the Northern Burgenland.
Southern Bavarian in Tyrol, South Tyrol, Carinthia, Styria, and the southern parts of Salzburg and Burgenland.

Differences are clearly noticeable within those three subgroups, which in Austria often coincide with the borders of the particular states. For example, each of the accents of Carinthia, Styria, and Tyrol can be easily recognised. Also, there is a marked difference between eastern and western central Bavarian, roughly coinciding with the border between Austria and Bavaria. In addition, the Viennese dialect has some characteristics distinguishing it from all other dialects. In Vienna, minor, but recognizable, variations are characteristic for distinct districts of the city.

Use

{{for|the use of Bavarian and standard German in Austria|Austrian German}}

In contrast to many other varieties of German, Bavarian differs sufficiently from Standard German to make it difficult for native speakers to adopt standard pronunciation. All educated Bavarians and Austrians, however, can read, write and understand Standard German, but may have very little opportunity to speak it, especially in rural areas. In those regions, Standard German is restricted to use as the language of writing and the media. It is therefore often referred to as {{lang|de|Schriftdeutsch}} ("written German") rather than the usual term {{lang|de|Hochdeutsch}} ("High German" or "Standard German").

School

Bavaria and Austria officially use Standard German as the primary medium of education. With the spread of universal education, the exposure of speakers of Bavarian to Standard German has been increasing, and many younger people, especially in the region's cities, and larger towns speak Standard German with only a slight accent. This accent usually only exists in families where Bavarian is spoken regularly. Families that do not use Bavarian at home usually use Standard German instead. In Austria, some parts of grammar and spelling are taught in Standard German lessons.

As reading and writing in Bavarian is generally not taught at schools, almost all literate speakers of the language prefer to use Standard German for writing. Regional authors and literature may play a role in education as well, but by and large, Standard German is the lingua franca.

Literature

Although there exist grammars, vocabularies, and a translation of the Bible in Bavarian, there is no common orthographic standard. Poetry is written in various Bavarian dialects, and many pop songs use the language as well, especially ones belonging to the Austropop wave of the 1970s and 1980s.

Although Bavarian as a spoken language is in daily use in its region, Standard German, often with strong regional influence, is preferred in the mass media.

Ludwig Thoma is a noted author who wrote works such as {{lang|de|Lausbubengeschichten|italic=yes}} in Bavarian.

Web

There is a Bavarian Wikipedia, completely in Bavarian. Also, the official FC Bayern Munich website is available in Bavarian.^[4]

Phonology

Consonants

	Bilabial	Labio- dental	Alveolar	Post- alveolar	Palatal	Velar
{{left Nasal	m}}	n}}	ŋ}}
{{left Stop	p}} {{IPA\|b}}	t}} {{IPA\|d}}	k}} {{IPA\|ɡ}}	ʔ}}
{{left Affricate	pf}}	ts}}	tʃ}}
{{left Fricative	f}} {{IPA\|v}}	s}}	ʃ}}	ç}})	x}})	h}}
{{left Trill	r}}
{{left Approximant	l}}	j}}

Notes:

The phoneme {{IPA|/h/}} is frequently realised as {{IPAblink|ç}} or {{IPAblink|x}} word-internally and is realised as {{IPAblink|h}} word-initially.
Intervocalic {{IPA|/s/}} can be voiced to {{IPAblink|z}}.
Intervocalic /v/ or /w/ sound can be realised as [{{IPA link|ʋ}}] or [{{IPA link|β}}].
Some dialects, such as the Bavarian dialect in South Tyrol, realise {{IPA|/k/}} as an affricate {{IPAblink|kx}} word-initially and before {{IPA|/m, n, l, r/}}, which is an extension of the High German consonant shift to velar consonants.

Vowels

{{expand section|1=More information regarding the vowels|date=September 2017}}Vowel phonemes in parentheses occur only in diphthongs or are rare. Nasal vowels may also appear in some dialects.

	Front				Central	Back
	unrounded		rounded		Central	Back
Close	ɪ}}	i}}	ʏ}}	y}}	ʊ}}	u}}
Close-mid	{{IPA\|e}}		{{IPA\|ø}}		ə}})	{{IPA\|o}}
Open-mid	{{IPA\|ɛ}}		{{IPA\|œ}}		ɐ}}	{{IPA\|ɔ}}
Open	{{IPA\|æ}}				a}}	ɑ}}	ɒ}}

Bavarian has an extensive vowel inventory, like most Germanic languages. Vowels can be grouped as back rounded, front unrounded and front rounded. They are also traditionally distinguished by length or tenseness.

Grammar

The commonly accepted grammar and spelling system for Bavarian has been documented by A. Schmeller;^[5] see more details at the German Wikipedia page for Bairische Dialekte.

Bavarian usually has case inflection only for the article. With very few exceptions, nouns are not inflected for case.
The simple past tense is very rare in Bavarian and has been retained for only a few verbs, including 'to be' and 'to want'. In general, the perfect is used to express past time.
Bavarian features verbal inflection for several moods such as indicative, subjunctive and imperative. See the table below for inflection of the Bavarian verb måcha, 'make; do':

måcha	Indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1. Sg	i måch	—	i måchad	måchadi
2. Sg (informal)	du måchst	måch!	du måchast	måchast
3. Sg	er måcht	er måch!	er måchad	måchada
1. Pl	mia måchan*	måchma!	mia måchadn	måchadma
2. Pl	eß måchts	måchts!	eß måchats	måchats
3. Pl	se måchan(t)	—	se måchadn	måchadns
2. Sg (formal)	Si måchan	måchan’S!	Si måchadn	måchadn’S

Pronouns

Personal pronouns

Singular				Plural
1st person	2nd person informal	2nd person formal	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
Nominative	i	du	Si	ea, se/de, des	mia	eß/öß / ia*	se
Unstressed	i	--	-'S	-a, -'s, -'s	-ma	-'s	-'s
Dative	mia	dia	Eana	eam, eara/iara, dem	uns, ins	enk / eich*	ea, eana
Unstressed	-ma	-da
Accusative	-mi	-di	Eana	eam, eara/iara, des	uns, ins	enk / eich*	ea, eana
Unstressed	Si	-'n, …, -'s	-'s

* These are typically used in the very northern dialects of Bavarian.

Possessive pronouns

Predicative				Attributive
Masculine singular	Feminine singular	Neuter singular	Plural (any gender)	Masculine singular	Feminine singular	Neuter singular	Plural (any gender)
Nominative	mei	mei	mei	meine	meina	meine	mei(n)s	meine
Dative	meim	meina	meim	meine	meim	meina	meim	meine
Accusative	mein	mei	mei	meine	mein	meine	mei(n)s	meine

The possessive pronouns Deina and Seina inflect in the same manner. Oftentimes, nige is added to the nominative to form the adjective form of the possessive pronoun, like mei(nige), dei(nige), and the like.

Indefinite pronouns

Just like the possessive pronouns listed above, the indefinite pronouns koana, "none", and oana, "one" are inflected the same way.

There is also the indefinite pronoun ebba(d), "someone" with its impersonal form ebb(a)s, "something". It is inflected in the following way:

Personal	Impersonal
Nominative	ebba	ebbs
Dative	ebbam	ebbam
Accusative	ebban	ebbs

Interrogative pronouns

The interrogative pronouns wea, "who", and wås, "what" are inflected the same way the indefinite pronoun ebba is inflected.

Personal	Impersonal
Nominative	wea	wås
Dative	wem	wem
Accusative	wen	wås

Society

Bavarians produce a variety of nicknames for those who bear traditional Bavarian or German names like Josef, Theresa or Georg (becoming Sepp'l or more commonly Sepp, Resi and Schorsch, respectively). Bavarians often refer to names with the family name coming first (like da Stoiber Ede instead of Edmund Stoiber). The use of the article is considered mandatory when using this linguistic variation. In addition, nicknames different from the family name exist for almost all families, especially in small villages. They consist largely of their profession, names or professions of deceased inhabitants of their homes or the site where their homes are located. This nickname is called Hausname (en: name of the house) and is seldom used to name the person, but more to state where they come from or live or to whom they are related. Examples of this are:

Mohler (e.g. Maler - painter)
Bachbauer (farmer who lives near a brook)
Moosrees (Resi who lives near a brook)
Schreiner (joiner)

Samples of Bavarian and Austrian{{clarify|date=December 2018}}

Austrian	's Bóarische is a Grubbm fő Dialektt im Siin vam daitschn Shproochraum.
Bavarian	's Bóarische is a Grubbm fő Dialektt im Siin vom daitschn Shproochram.
Standard German	Das Bairische ist eine Gruppe von Dialekten im Süden des deutschen Sprachraumes.
English	Bavarian is a group of dialects in the south of the German Sprachraum.

Austrian	Séawas*/Zéas/D'Éare/Griass Di/Griass Gód, i bĩ da Beder und kumm/kimm fõ Minchn/Minicha.
Bavarian	Séawus/Habedéare/Griass Di/Griass Gód, i bin/bĩ da Peder und kimm fő Minga/Minka.
Standard German	Hallo/Servus/Grüß dich, ich heiße Peter und ich komme aus München.
English	Hello, I am Peter and I come from Munich.

Austrian	D' Lisa/'s-Liasl hod si an Haxn bróchn/brócha.
Bavarian	D'Lisa/As Liasal hod sé an Hax brócha.
Standard German	Lisa hat sich das Bein gebrochen.
English	Lisa broke/has broken her leg.

Austrian	I ho(b)/hã/hoo a Göd/Goid gfundn/gfunna.
Bavarian	I ho(b) a Gejd/Goid/Göld gfuna.
Standard German	Ich habe Geld gefunden.
English	I (have) found money.

References

1. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/bar/|title=Bavarian|work=Ethnologue|access-date=2017-08-31}}
2. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/scope.asp#I|title=Scope of denotation for language identifiers - Individual languages|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
3. ^¹{{Cite web|url=http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=bar|title=Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: bar|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
4. ^https://fcbayern.com/by
5. ^Schmeller, Johann Andreas; edited by Frommann, Georg Carl (1872). http://gateway-bayern.de/BV025305704 Bayerisches Wörterbuch. München, Oldenbourg 2002. {{ISBN|3-486-52603-0}}.

External links

Wikipedia:Boarische Umschrift
Boarische Dialekte im Vagleich

{{Languages of Germany}}{{Languages of Austria}}{{Languages of Italy}}{{Germanic languages}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Bavarian Language}}

5 : Bavarian language|German dialects|Languages of Germany|Languages of Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol|Bavarii

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