“Einstein's static universe”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Shortly after completing the general theory of relativity, Einstein applied his new theory of gravity to the universe as a whole. Assuming a universe that was static in time, and possessed of a uniform distribution of matter on the largest scales, Einstein was led to a finite, static universe of spherical spatial curvature.

In order to achieve a consistent solution to the Einstein field equations for the case of a static universe with a non-zero density of matter, Einstein found it necessary to introduce a new term to the field equations, the cosmological constant. In the resulting model, the radius R and density of matter ρ of the universe were related to the cosmological constant λ according to λ = 1/R² = κρ/2 where κ is the Einstein constant.^[3]

Following the discovery by Edwin Hubble of a linear relation between the redshifts of the galaxies and their distance in 1929,^[4] Einstein abandoned his static model of the universe and proposed expanding models such as the Friedmann-Einstein universe and the Einstein-de Sitter universe. In both cases, he set the cosmological constant to zero, declaring it "no longer necessary ... and theoretically unsatisfactory".^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]

References

1. ^{{cite journal|last1=Einstein|first1=Albert|title=Kosmologische Betrachtungen zur allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie|journal=Sitzungs. König. Preuss. Akad.|date=1917|pages=Sitzungsb. König. Preuss. Akad. 142–152}}
2. ^{{cite book|author1=Lorentz H.A. |author2=Einstein A. |author3=Minkowski H. |author4=H. Weyl |title=The Principle of Relativity|publisher=Metheun & Co.|location=New York|date = 1923|pages=175–188}}
3. ^{{cite journal|last1=O'Raifeartaigh et.al|title=Einstein's 1917 static model of the universe: a centennial review|journal=Eur. Phys. J. H|date=2017|volume=42|issue=3|pages=431–474|doi=10.1140/epjh/e2017-80002-5|arxiv=1701.07261|bibcode=2017EPJH...42..431O}}
4. ^{{cite journal|last1=Hubble|first1=Edwin|title=A relation between distance and radial velocity among extra-galactic nebulae|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|date=1929|volume=15|issue=3|pages=168–173|doi=10.1073/pnas.15.3.168|pmid=16577160|pmc=522427|bibcode=1929PNAS...15..168H}}
5. ^{{cite journal|last1=Einstein|first1=Albert|title=Zum kosmologischen Problem der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie|journal=Sitzungsb. König. Preuss. Akad.|date = 1931|pages=235–237}}
6. ^{{cite book|last1=Einstein|first1=Albert|title=Relativity: The Special and General Theories|date=1946|publisher=Metheun|location=New York|page=137|edition=16th}}
7. ^{{cite journal|last1=O'Raifeartaigh and McCann|title=Einstein's cosmic model of 1931 revisited: an analysis and translation of a forgotten model of the universe|journal=Eur. Phys. J. H|date=2014|volume=39|issue=1|pages=63–85|doi=10.1140/epjh/e2013-40038-x|arxiv=1312.2192|bibcode=2014EPJH...39...63O}}
8. ^{{cite book|last1=Nussbaumer and Bieri|title=Discovering the Expanding Universe|date=2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|pages=147}}