| 词条 | Elektron (satellite) |
| 释义 |
| name = {{nowrap| Elektron 1, 2, 3, and 4}} | image = | image_caption = | mission_type = Earth science | operator = Soviet Union | COSPAR_ID = {{plainlist|
| SATCAT = | mission_duration = | spacecraft_type = | manufacturer = OKB-1 | dry_mass = | launch_mass = {{plainlist|
| power = | launch_date = {{plainlist|
| launch_rocket = Vostok 8K72K | launch_site = Baikonur LC1 | launch_contractor = | last_contact = | orbit_epoch = | orbit_reference = Geocentric | orbit_periapsis = {{plainlist|
| orbit_apoapsis = {{plainlist|
| orbit_inclination = 60.2-.9 degrees | orbit_period = 160 minutes (1/3); 22.5 hours (2/4) | orbit_eccentricity = | apsis = gee | programme = Elektron[1][2] | previous_mission = | next_mission = }}{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}{{short description|Series of Soviet satellites}} Elektron ({{lang-ru|электрон }}) ("electron") was a series of particle physics satellites launched by the Soviet Union in 1964. Designed to be launched in pairs, they allowed simultaneous monitoring of the lower and upper Van Allen radiation belts. Two of the four launched satellites are still in orbit. HistoryOn June 23, 1960, Soviet spaceflight engineer Sergei Korolev's "big space plan" for the future of Soviet space endeavors was approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party and the Council of Soviet Ministers. The plan included provisions for two pairs of scientific spacecraft to simultaneously map Earth's lower and upper Van Allen radiation belts [1] at higher inclinations than those achieved by US satellites of the time (60 degrees vs 30 degrees latitude), to be deployed simultaneously in a single launch of a Vostok rocket. Korolev's design bureau, OKB-1 began design work in July.[2]. In addition to the charged particles of the Van Allen Belts, the spacecraft were also designed to measure cosmic rays, galactic radio emissions,[3] magnetic fields, radio propagation[4], and micrometeoroid flux. They were also meant to study artificial radiation belts created by high altitude nuclear tests, but the ratification of the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty in August 1963 ended such tests before the launch of the Elektrons.[5] Spacecraft designElektrons 1 and 3 had design masses of 350 kg, were 325 mm in diameter, and were to be placed in an eccentric 425 km × 6,000 km orbit. They were cylindrical with six solar panels for power generation.[2] Elektrons 2 and 4 had design masses of 460 kg, were 400 mm in diameter and 850 mm long, also cylindrical, but without extended solar panels. They were to be boosted into a highly eccentric 450 × 60,000 km orbit to map the outer Van Allen belt, simultaneous with Elektron 1/3's study of the inner radiation belt. To attain this orbit, they used a solid-propellant perigee kick motor of 3350 kgf and 12 to 15 seconds duration.[6] MissionsAll of the Elektrons were launched in pairs into orbit via Vostok 8K72K rocket. Elektron 1Elektron 1, with a mass of 329 kg,was launched on January 30, 1964 at 09:45 UTC.[2] Per the Soviet news agency, TASS, the spacecraft was still operating as of February 6, 1964, having completed 53 orbits.[7] It is still in orbit.[8] Elektron 2Elektron 2, with a mass of 444 kg, was launched on January 30, 1964 at 09:45 UTC.[6] Per the Soviet news agency, TASS, the spacecraft was still operating as of February 6, 1964, having completed 6 orbits.[7] Its orbit decayed on 20 July 1997.[9] Elektron 3Elektron 3, with a mass of 350 kg, was launched on July 11, 1964 at 21:51 UTC with an identical mission to that of Elektron 1.[2] It is still in orbit.[10] Elektron 4Elektron 4, with a mass of 444 kg, was launched on July 11, 1964 at 21:51 UTC with an identical mission to that of Elektron 2.[6] Its orbit decayed on 12 October 1983.[11] LegacyData obtained from the Elektron satellites resulted in many technical papers on a variety of subjects[12] and allowed the assessment of risk to cosmonauts and satellites from radiation in outer space.[5] They and the Kosmos satellites bolstered the impression that the Soviets, like the Americans, were committed to civilian as well as military application of satellites.[13] See also{{Portal|Spaceflight}}
References1. ^{{cite book | last=Siddiqi |first=Asaf |title=Challenge to Apollo |publisher= NASA|isbn=5551266508|date=1989 |page=240}} 2. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web |url=http://www.astronautix.com/e/elektron-a.html |title=Elektron-A |last=Wade |first=Mark |access-date=December 28, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180525132429/http://www.astronautix.com/e/elektron-a.html |archive-date=25 May 2018 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }} 3. ^{{cite book | last=Garland |first=Kenneth |title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Space Technology |date=1989 |publisher=Bison Books Corp.|ISBN=978-0517574270|pages=127}} 4. ^{{cite web |url=https://history.nasa.gov/AAchronologies/1964.pdf |title=Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1964 |publisher=NASA |page=42 |access-date=December 31, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108092955/https://history.nasa.gov/AAchronologies/1964.pdf |archive-date=8 January 2019 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }} 5. ^1 {{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ZNxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA162&lpg=PA162&dq=%22elektron%22+satellite&source=bl&ots=zxdL00UQc4&sig=PBf_dJstDF1OLGPHbEBTInZ_Bek&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjUlJjWlMvfAhWKZVAKHZDXD584ChDoATAEegQIBxAB#v=onepage&q=%22elektron%22%20satellite&f=false |title=Space Exploration and Humanity: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 ..., Volume 2 |publisher=American Astronautical Society |access-date=December 31, 2018}} 6. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |url=http://www.astronautix.com/e/elektron-b.html |title=Elektron-B |last=Wade |first=Mark |access-date=December 28, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180525132418/http://www.astronautix.com/e/elektron-b.html |archive-date=25 May 2018 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }} 7. ^1 {{cite web |url=https://history.nasa.gov/AAchronologies/1964.pdf |title=Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1964 |publisher=NASA |page=42 |access-date=December 31, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108092955/https://history.nasa.gov/AAchronologies/1964.pdf |archive-date=8 January 2019 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }} 8. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.n2yo.com/satellite/?s=746|title=Elektron 1|access-date=December 31, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101051653/https://www.n2yo.com/satellite/?s=746|archive-date=1 January 2019|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.n2yo.com/satellite/?s=748|title=Elektron 2|access-date=December 31, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101051655/https://www.n2yo.com/satellite/?s=748|archive-date=1 January 2019|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}} 10. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.n2yo.com/satellite/?s=829|title=Elektron 3|access-date=December 31, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190102050531/https://www.n2yo.com/satellite/?s=829|archive-date=2 January 2019|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}} 11. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.n2yo.com/satellite/?s=830|title=Elektron 4|access-date=December 31, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101100348/https://www.n2yo.com/satellite/?s=830|archive-date=1 January 2019|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}} 12. ^{{cite web|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?N=123&Ntk=All&Ntt=Elektron|title=NASA Technical Reports Server|access-date=January 1, 2019}} 13. ^{{cite web |url=https://history.nasa.gov/AAchronologies/1964.pdf |title=Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1964 |publisher=NASA |page=152 |access-date=December 31, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108092955/https://history.nasa.gov/AAchronologies/1964.pdf |archive-date=8 January 2019 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }} External links
1 : Satellites of the Soviet Union |
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