| 词条 | 1277 papal election | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| year = 1277 | notconclave = true | commonname = | dates = 30 May – 25 November 1277 | location = Palazzo dei Papi di Viterbo | dean = Bertrand de Saint-Martin | vicedean = | camerlengo = Guillaume de Bray | protopriest = Anchero Pantaleone | protodeacon = Giovanni Gaetano Orsini | secretary = | candidates = | ballots = | pope_elected= Giovanni Gaetano Orsini | nametaken = Nicholas III | image = PopeNicholasIIICameo.jpg | prevconclave_year=September, 1276 | prevconclave_link=Papal election, September 1276 | nextconclave_year=1280-81 | nextconclave_link=Papal election, 1280–81 }} The papal election of 1277 (May 30 – November 25), convened in Viterbo after the death of Pope John XXI, was the smallest papal election since the expansion of suffrage to cardinal-priests and cardinal-deacons, with only seven cardinal electors (following the deaths of three popes who had not created cardinals).[1] Because John XXI had revoked Ubi periculum, the papal bull of Pope Gregory X establishing the papal conclave, with his own bull Licet felicis recordationis, the cardinal electors were able to take their time. After six months of deliberation, the cardinals eventually elected their most senior member Giovanni Gaetano Orsini as Pope Nicholas III. From the end of the election until Nicholas III's first consistory on March 12, 1278, the number of living cardinals—seven—was the lowest in the history of the Roman Catholic Church.[1] Cardinal electorsThe seven cardinal electors were evenly divided between three supporters of Charles of Anjou and three cardinals from prominent Roman families, who opposed the interests of Charles in Italy, and there was one uncommitted cardinal.[2][3]
Absentee cardinal
ProcedureInitially, the cardinals met only once a day for balloting and returned to their respective habitations after the scrutinies.[4] For two months, voting proceeded uneventfully along national lines with the French[5] and Roman cardinals evenly divided.[4] After six months the impatient magistrates of Viterbo locked the cardinals in the town hall (once elected, Nicholas III moved the papacy back to Rome).[6] References
Notes1. ^1 Miranda, Salvator. 1998. "Papal elections and conclaves of the 13th Century (1216–1294)." But see correction offered by John Adams Sede Vacante 1277; accessed March 13, 2010; concerning Bertrand de Saint-Martin {{Papal elections and conclaves from 1061|state=collapsed}}{{Subject bar |portal1= Catholicism |portal2= Oriental Orthodoxy |portal3= Eastern Christianity2. ^Medley, D.J. 2004. The Church and the Empire. Kessinger Publishing. {{ISBN|1-4191-5673-X}}. p. 171. 3. ^Pham, John-Peter. 2004. Heirs of the Fisherman: Behind the Scenes of Papal Death and Succession. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-517834-3}}. p. 24. 4. ^1 Bower, 1766, p. 307. 5. ^Cardinal da Alatri, the only non-Roman Italian Cardinal, voted together with French, while Bertrand of Sabina assumed neutral attitude. 6. ^Smith, Philip. 1885. The History of the Christian Church During the Middle Ages. Harper & Bros. p. 92. |b=y|b-search=Biblical Studies/Christianity/Roman Catholicism/History |commons=y|commons-search=Category:Papal conclave |n=y|n-search=Category:Roman Catholic Church |q=y|q-search=Category:Popes |s=y|s-search=Category:Popes |v=y|v-search=Category:Christian History |wikt=y|wikt-search=Pope |d=y|d-search= Q19546 }}{{DEFAULTSORT:Papal Election, 1277}} 6 : Papal elections|13th-century elections|1277|13th-century Catholicism|1277 in Europe|Viterbo Papacy |
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