| 词条 | Elmenteitan |
| 释义 |
Infobox archaeological culture |name = Elmenteitan |map = Lake Elmenteita satellite image.png |mapalt = Lake Elmenteita satellite image |altnames = Elmenteitan Culture |horizon = |region = Kenya, Africa |period = Neolithic |dates = c.3300-1200 BP |typesite = Gamble's Cave |majorsites = Gamble's Cave, Ngamuriak, Gogo Falls, Njoro River Cave |extra = |precededby = Later Stone Age peoples |followedby = Pastoral Iron Age peoples }} The Elmenteitan culture was a prehistoric lithic industry and pottery tradition with a distinct pattern of land use, hunting and pastoralism that appeared and developed on the western plains of Kenya, East Africa during the Pastoral Neolithic c.3300-1200 BP.[1] It was named by archaeologist Louis Leakey after Lake Elmenteita (also Elementaita),[2] a soda lake located in the Great Rift Valley, about {{convert|120|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} northwest of Nairobi. History of researchThe Elmenteitan was first described by Louis Leakey from excavations at Gamble's Cave (the type site) in 1931 and Njoro River Cave in 1938. Leakey had noticed a locally distinct cluster of the lithic industry and a universal pottery tradition in a restricted area on the plains west of the central Great Rift Valley and at the Mau Escarpment.[3] Artefacts and characteristicsAt Elmenteitan sites, lithic assemblages are distinguished by a high percentage of long symmetrical two-edged obsidian blades which were used unmodified and also served as blanks for a great variety of smaller microlithic tools.[4] Typical Elmenteitan artifact assemblages also include ceramic bowls and shallow stone vessels. Ceramic vessels are mainly undecorated. Several rare, but very distinctive ornamental designs such as irregular punctuation and rim millings have also been found. Occasionally small bowls with out-turned rims, handles with holes or horizontal lugs have been discovered as well.[5] Domestic cattle and small stock were raised and herded in combination with hunting, fishing and foraging. Patterns and degree of subsistence economy varied greatly depending on location and local and temporal climate.[6][7] Regular cremation of the dead took place in caves (e.g. Egerton Cave, Keringet Caves). Njoro River Cave, first excavated in 1938 by Mary Leakey, served as a mass-burial site. Associated finds include beads, blades, stone bowls, palettes and pottery vessels.[8] Physical anthropologyInstances of dental avulsion in some individuals from Elmenteitan burial sites has led to associations with the early spread of Southern Nlotic speaking groups into south-western Kenya. The exact direction from which they entered southern Kenya remains unclear.[9] See also
References1. ^{{Cite book|last=Lane|first=Paul J.|date=2013-07-04|title=The Archaeology of Pastoralism and Stock-Keeping in East Africa|journal=The Oxford Handbook of African Archaeology|url=http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199569885.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199569885-e-40|language=en|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199569885.001.0001|isbn=9780199569885}} 2. ^{{Cite journal|last=Robertshaw|first=Peter|date=1988|title=The Elmenteitan: an early food‐producing culture in East Africa|journal=World Archaeology|volume=20|pages=57–69|doi=10.1080/00438243.1988.9980056}} 3. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=kJMFMpoHuVgC&pg=PA127&lpg=PA127&dq=elmenteitan#v=onepage&q=elmenteitan&f=false |title= The Archaeological and Linguistic Reconstruction of African History by Christopher Ehret, Merrick Posnansky |date= 1982-01-01|accessdate=December 8, 2016|isbn= 9780520045934 |last1= Ehret |first1= Christopher |last2= Posnansky |first2= Merrick }} 4. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=mtOhAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA369&lpg=PA369&dq=elmenteitan#v=onepage&q=elmenteitan&f=false |title= The Archaeology of Africa: Food, Metals and Towns y Bassey Andah, Alex Okpoko, Thurstan Shaw |date= 2014-05-22|accessdate=December 8, 2016|isbn= 9781134679423 |last1= Andah |first1= Bassey |last2= Okpoko |first2= Alex |last3= Shaw |first3= Thurstan |last4= Sinclair |first4= Paul }} 5. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/content/part/EANHS/Nos.%2042-43_200_1931_Leakey.pdf|title=NOTES ON THE STONE AGE CULTURES OF EAST AFRICA. By L. S. B. LEAKEY,Ph.D., F.S.A.|date=|publisher=Biodiversity Library|accessdate=December 8, 2016}} 6. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.archaeologywordsmith.com/lookup.php?terms=Elmenteitan |title= Elmenteitan | publisher= Archaeology Wordsmith |date= |accessdate=December 6, 2016}} 7. ^{{cite web |url=http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/handle/11295/23464 |title= A contribution to the study of subsistence patterns of elmenteitan populations with reference to animal bones from Gogo falls in Sourh Nyanza District, Kenya | publisher= University of Nairobi Digital Archive |accessdate=December 8, 2016|year= 1986 }} 8. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.actforlibraries.org/archaeological-sites-njoro-river-cave/ |title= Archaeological Sites Njoro River Cave | publisher= Act For Libraries |date= |accessdate=December 6, 2016}} 9. ^The Technological and Socio-Economic Organization of the Elmenteitan Early Herders in Southern Kenya (3000-1200 BP), Goldstein, S.T., Washington University in Saint Louis, p.31 External links
2 : Archaeological cultures of Africa|Lithics |
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