词条 | Enclave: The Ottawa Women's Monument |
释义 |
DescriptionThe central piece of the monument is a two-meter-long (6 ft), uncut granite stone standing upright. On the stone's rough surface is a large, smooth, indented, double-pointed oval, or yoni, containing engravings. The main engraving consists of text in English and French. The English text reads, "To honour and to grieve / all women / abused and murdered by men / envision a world without violence / where women are / respected / & / free". The French text is equivalent in meaning to the English.[1] Illustrations of a three-swirl symbol (or triskele), the phases of the moon, waves, and female figures also appear on the stone's face. Surrounding this central stone are 37 smaller stones, placed in an open spiral formation, each engraved with the name of a woman killed by an act of violence perpetrated by a man.[2] The Ottawa Women's Monument is located in the middle of Minto Park, in line with the bust of Argentinian general José de San Martín, which is situated on the Elgin Street side of the park.{{cn|date=December 2018}} HistoryUnveiled December 6th, 1992 on the National Day of Remembrance and Action on Violence Against Women, the Enclave was created by artist Cj Fleury and landscape architect Mary Leigh Faught, led by the Women's Urgent Action Committee.[3] The Committee was created upon the brutal murder of Pamella Behrendt by her husband when they decided to use Minto Park as a spot for her vigil in the summer of 1990. From this, they continued to hold vigils for Ottawa women murdered by men, using the creation of the monument to grieve and remember those lost.[1] To this day it is the spot of annual memorials for victims of violence against women on December 6th, the anniversary of the Montreal Massacre. Trees in the park were also planted by the Women's Urgent Action Committee in memorial of murdered and abused women and girls.[6] The last engraving was in 2000 when the name of Sandra Campbell was replaced with "Jane Doe" due to legal issues, causing controversy and contributing to the dissolution of the committee.[4] Since then, no official changes have been made to the monument though many people wish to have the names of their loved ones added.{{cn|date=December 2018}} SymbolismEnclave: The Ottawa Women's Monument is an installment that incorporates feminine symbolic imagery. The boulder was chosen to call to mind the visual of hips without having to cut or modify in stone to make it look a particular way. This was important in its design so as to be easily identifiable as naturally female and not sculpted to fit certain ideas of femininity.[6] The triskele spiral engraved at the top is a neolithic symbol that signifies continuity and references ancient divine femininity. The round arrangement of the stones is meant to create a sense of cyclical life, death, and rebirth, openness and encourages people to enter the walls of the enclave and engage with the memories of the women mourned there[1]. The shape of the boulder and the polished pointed oval on which the engravings are also reflects yonic imagery. Additionally, the memorials geographical location as having Ottawa's courthouse and the police station on either side can act to remind attendees of the systemic issues at play in violence against women and the lack of attention given to addressing them.[1] ControversyIn 2000 legal issues surrounding the accusation of one of the women's alleged murderers took place. This resulted in the Committee being required to remove the name of Sandra Campbell because her husbands murder charges were stayed.[5] Instead of removing the stone they replaced her name with "Jane Doe" to reflect the countless women who have disappeared and/or have not been brought to justice by the legal system.[4][6] Another controversy surrounding the monument is the claim that it is sexist in its targeting of men as perpetrators. Some feminists and members of the Committee were also concerned with its specifying of men as agents of violence against women but because they thought it could direct attention away from honouring the victims.[1] The essentialized female imagery is also a subject of debate as it is seen by some as exclusionary in its portrayal of a particular kind of womanhood and its erasure of the specific struggles with gendered violence Indigenous women and girls face.[1] Women honouredHere is a list of the women memorialized:[7][2]
References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{Cite journal|last=Davidson|first=Tonya|date=Fall 2016|title=Narratives of National Belonging at Ottawa Monuments: The Canadian Tribute to Human Rights and Enclave: The Women’s Monument|url=https://topia.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/topia/search/authors/view?firstName=Tonya&middleName=&lastName=Davidson&affiliation=&country=|journal=Canadian Journal of Cultural Studies|volume=36|pages=99-126|via=TOPIA}} 2. ^1 {{Cite news|url=https://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/remembering-the-names-of-the-women-carved-in-stone-at-ottawas-womens-monument|title=Remembering the names of the women carved in stone at Ottawa's Women's Monument|date=2017-12-06|work=Ottawa Citizen|access-date=2018-11-07|language=en-US}} 3. ^{{Cite web|url=http://cjfleuryart.ca/?page_id=288|title=Activist Monument Against Violence {{!}} cjfleuryART|website=cjfleuryart.ca|language=en-US|access-date=2018-11-08}} 4. ^1 2 {{Cite web|url=https://www.pressreader.com/canada/ottawa-citizen/20060821/282037617637412|title=Monument: Expansion Proposed|last=Ottawa Citizen|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=August 21, 2006|dead-url=|access-date=November 7, 2018}} 5. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/murder-charges-stayed-campbell-a-free-man-1.242098|title=Murder charges stayed: Campbell a free man {{!}} CBC News|work=CBC|access-date=2018-11-08|language=en-US}} 6. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/minto-park-monument-controversy-1.248385|title=Minto Park monument controversy {{!}} CBC News|work=CBC|access-date=2018-11-08|language=en-US}} 7. ^1 2 {{Cite journal|last=Davidson|first=Tonya|date=2012|title=Stone Bodies in the City: Unmapping Monuments, Memory and Belonging in Ottawa|url=|journal=University of Alberta|volume=|pages=217-242|via=ProQuest}} 8. ^{{Cite web|url=https://newspaperarchive.com/medicine-hat-news-oct-31-1996-p-11/|title=Mentally Ill Fall Through Cracks Into Crime|last=Tam|first=Pauline|date=October 31, 1996|website=Newspaperarchive.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 2 : Monuments and memorials in Ottawa|Monuments and memorials to women |
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