“English Ladies Football Association”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The ELFA folded in over a year, and women continued to play in local parks and even dog-tracks, with no money or infrastructural support from the Football Association, no resources, coaches or pitches. These restrictions stayed in place for fifty years and was only lifted in 1971.^[4]

History

Women's football had already been established before World War I but it had not been well received until the Football League suspended all of its matches after the 1914-15 season. ^[5] As a generation of young men signed up to serve their country, the women took on traditional male roles, which had been previously considered unsuitable for women and their physical frame. The most familiar image was the munitions factory girl, who enjoys kickabouts during their breaks. As the war progressed, women's football transformed into a more formalised sport with many women’s teams emerging from munitions factories. At the time, it was organised for fund-raising for war charities. At first, people flock to see the so-called munitionettes take on teams of injured soldiers and women from other factories. Eventually, they started to enjoy the matches for the skill and ability of the women players. In August 1917, the Munitionettes' Cup was established, with the first winners being Blyth Spartans.

However, when the war was over, the factories started closing and women who had been liberated during wartime was forced to return to their "right and proper place" in society. No longer seen as being moral and appropriate, football was now considered to be unladylike and dangerous for women’s health by so-called medical experts and physicians. On 5 December 1921, the FA cited strong opinions about football's unsuitability for females. They even requested the clubs belonging to the Association to refuse the use of their grounds for woman’s matches.

In response, on 10 December 1921, a meeting was held in Liverpool. It was attended by representatives of about 30 women's football teams. The meeting resulted in the establishment of the English Ladies Football Association (ELFA), with a league of 57 teams of amateur players. The ELFA’s goals were to support women footballers, popularise the game amongst women and assist charity. One of the first teams to declare their intention of joining was Chorley Ladies FC, who had 60 members and who had raised over £3,000 for charity. "^[6].

W. Henley was appointed as Secretary of the Association’s pro team. He was assigned to set up another meeting in Liverpool for which about 60 clubs were expected to be present. The meeting actually took place in Blackburn on 17 December with representatives attending from 57 clubs, and expressions of interest were sent by many others unable to be present. After a long discussion, some changes in the rules were accepted to accommodate women players, including:

Appointed officers of the Association

Activity

On 7 January 1922, a meeting between the ELFA’s officers took place in Manchester, where they approved the ball to be used and maximum and minimum pitch sizes. The President, Leonard Bridgett, presented a cup for the Ladies' English Cup Competition. The meeting selected a representative team for the forthcoming match in Grimsby on 21 January against the Grimsby and District Ladies (formerly Cleethorpes Ladies).

On 18 February 1922, a Council meeting took place at the Queen's Hotel in Birmingham. An ELFA’s deputation met representatives of the Northern Union (Rugby), and their ground ban was removed for ELFA-affiliated clubs. ^[7] The draw for the first round of the ELFA Cup competition was also organised then. 23 clubs participated in the competition and the results are as follows:

Influence & Legacy

Despite being short-lived, the ELFA built the foundation for the revival of interest and development of women’s football in the UK. The health of the women's game was demonstrated in 1937. Dick Kerr's and Edinburgh Ladies, the top two teams in the UK, met in a match coined as The Championship of Great Britain and The World, with Dick Kerr's beating Edinburgh Ladies 5-1.^[8]

The ELFA’s successor, the Women’s Football Association (WFA), was established in 1969. Under the WFA, women’s game continued to grow, with a national England team and a premier league. However, the WFA was also a voluntary-led organisation and had rather limited resources. Even at the top levels, matches organised by the Association were often rescheduled or cancelled.

In the 1970s, there was an international recommendation for all football authorities to include the women’s game and the Sex Discrimination Act, which contained a clause exempting sports, was passed in 1975. However, it was only until 1992 that the FA finally decided to lift the ban on women’s game and bring it under their formal control.^[9]

In March 2018, the National Football Museum opened an extension to its permanent gallery dedicated to women’s football. The extension included the English Ladies Football Association Winner’s Medal awarded to Lilian Bridgett of Stoke Ladies in 1922.^[10]

References

1. ^{{cite book|author=Jean Williams|title=A Game for Rough Girls?: A History of Women's Football in Britain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vQPfAQAAQBAJ|accessdate=15 October 2018|date=7 March 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-13614-7|pages=26–33}}
2. ^{{Cite news|url=https://unlockingthehiddenhistory.wordpress.com/2017/10/02/stoke-ladies-fc-and-the-ban-on-womens-football/|title=Stoke Ladies FC and the ‘ban’ on women’s football|last=|first=|date=2017-10-02|work=The National Football Museum|access-date=2018-07-26|language=en-GB}}
3. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.womenssoccerunited.com/womens-association-football/|title=Women’s Association Football|last=|first=|date=2010-04-07|work=WOMEN'S SOCCER UNITED|access-date=2018-07-26|language=en-GB}}
4. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.footballparadise.com/womens-football-part-1-origins-world-wars/|title=World War, Mon Amour – A Brief History of Women’s Football|last=|first=|date=2017-10-18|work=Football Paradise|access-date=2018-07-26|language=en-GB}}
5. ^{{Cite news|url=http://102link.com/aAcNc|title=The female football mania that led to it being banned|last=|first=|date=2014-12-12|work=BBC News|access-date=2018-07-23|language=en-GB}}
6. ^{{Cite book|title=The Lady Footballers|last=F. Lee|first=James|publisher=Routledge|year=2008|isbn=9780415426091|location=Abingdon|pages=P–120}}
7. ^{{Cite news|url=http://donmouth.co.uk/womens_football/elfa.html|title=The English Ladies' Football Association|last=|first=|date=|work=Donmouth|access-date=2018-07-26|language=en-GB}}
8. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/news-and-comment/fas-broken-promise-ends-fulhams-brave-new-world-103087.html|title=FA's broken promise ends Fulham's brave new world|last=|first=|date=2003-05-03|work=The Independent|access-date=2018-07-26|language=en-GB}}
9. ^{{Cite news|url=https://museumcrush.org/banned-by-the-fa-unlocking-the-hidden-histories-of-womens-football/|title=Banned by the FA: Unlocking the hidden histories of women’s football|last=|first=|date=2017-09-07|work=Museum Crush|access-date=2018-07-26|language=en-GB}}
10. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.nationalfootballmuseum.com/collections_detail/english-ladies-football-association-winners-medal-1922/|title=ENGLISH LADIES FOOTBALL ASSOCIATION WINNER’S MEDAL, 1922|last=|first=|date=|work=Museum Crush|access-date=2018-07-26|language=en-GB}}