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词条 E-Pana
释义

  1. Origins

  2. Victims list

  3. Suspects and convictions

  4. Funding and resources

  5. See also

  6. References

Project E-Pana is a Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) task force created in 2005 with the purpose of solving cases of missing and murdered persons along a section of Highway 16, between Prince Rupert, British Columbia and Prince George, British Columbia, dubbed the Highway of Tears. Though it started with the highway of tears victims, within a year of formation, it morphed to include victims along Highways 5, 24 and 97.[1]

Origins

The name "E-Pana" was chosen from a concatenation of E from "E" Division, which is the RCMP division that has jurisdiction over British Columbia (BC), and Pana, which is the name of an Inuit goddess who cares for souls before heaven or re-incarnation.

The task force was created during the Fall of 2005 in order to investigate a series of unsolved murders and disappearances along BC's Highway of Tears, and determine whether a serial killer or killers is operating there. In 2006, the Task Force took ownership of nine investigations. In 2007 the number of cases doubled from nine to eighteen.[2]

The criteria for case selection was changed around this time to more precisely define E-Pana victims.

E-Pana consists of 13 murder investigations and 5 disappearances, ranging in date from 1969 to 2006.

Not a single E-Pana case along the Highway of Tears corridor has been solved to date.[3]

Victims list

Thirteen of the eighteen victims on the E-Pana list were teenagers; ten of aboriginal descent.[4]

The following criteria must be met by the victims in order to be added to the E-Pana list:[5]

  1. The victim was female;
  2. The victim was engaged in one or more 'high risk' behaviours, i.e., behaviours which would tend to place them in the control of strangers in isolated environments without witnesses, easy avenues of escape or sources of assistance – primary examples of this would be hitchhiking alone or prostitution;
  3. The victim went missing from, or her body was found near, Highway 16 from Prince Rupert to Hinton, Highway 97 from Merritt to Fort Nelson, or Highways 5 and 24 connecting Valemont and 100 Mile House; and,
  4. The evidence indicated a stranger attack, i.e., no suspect was seen or identifiable and there was no grounds to believe that death was the result of suicide, misadventure or domestic violence.
NameAgeFateLast locationYearNotesSuspectEthnicity
Gloria Moody26HomicideWilliams Lake1969She was last seen on October 25, leaving a bar in Williams Lake. Her body was found in the woods at a cattle ranch 10 km (6.2 mi) away.First Nations
Micheline Pare18HomicideHudson's Hope1970Last seen on Highway 29 at the gates of Tompkins Ranch situated between Fort St. John and Hudson's Hope. Two women who had given her a ride had dropped her off there. Her body was found at Hudson's Hope on August 8.Caucasian
Gale Weys19HomicideClearwater1973 (October)Disappeared while hitchhiking from Clearwater to Kamloops. Her body was found in a ditch on Highway 5 south of Clearwater.[6]Bobby Jack Fowler is a person of interest.[7]Caucasian
Pamela Darlington19HomicideKamloops1973 (November)Vanished from Kamloops while hitchhiking to a local bar. Her body was found the next day.[6]Bobby Jack Fowler is a person of interest.[7]Caucasian
Monica Ignas14HomicideThornhill1974 (December)She was believed to be going home from school when she was last seen at 11pm on December 13, 1974 in Thornhil. She was walking home alone. Her body was found in a gravel pit or a densely forested area on April 6, 1975, east of Terrace, near Celgar Forest Service Road. Two witnesses reported seeing a car pulled over to the side of the road the night Ignas vanished.[8] The pair saw a man and a passenger who looked like a girl inside the vehicle. Monica had been strangled.[9]Caucasian
Colleen MacMillen16Homicide100 Mile House1974 (August)Last seen leaving her home in Lac La Hache to hitchhike to a nearby friend's house.[6]DNA evidence reveals a match to convicted American rapist and murder suspect Bobby Jack Fowler, who had died in prison in 2006. He had been working in BC in 1974.[10][7]Caucasian
Monica Jack12HomicideMerritt1978 (May)Monica Jack was last seen riding her bike on May 6, 1978 near Nicola Lake.[11] For 17 years after she disappeared, Jack's fate was unknown. In June 1995, forestry workers found skeletal human remains in a ravine off a logging road on Swakum Mountain, about 20 km (12 mi) from where Monica's bike was found. Dental records and DNA testing confirmed her identity.Garry Taylor Handlen was charged October 22nd, 2018 for the murders of Monica Jack and 11-year-old Kathryn-Mary Herbert. On 18 January 2019, Handlen was convicted of the first degree murder of Monica Jack.[12]First Nations
Maureen Mosie33HomicideKamloops1981 (May)Maureen Mosie, 33, was believed to be hitchhiking from Salmon Arm to Kamloops in the B.C. Interior, when she was last seen on May 8, 1981. Her body was found the next day by a woman walking her dog along a road off the Trans-Canada highway about 16 km (9.9 mi) east of Kamloops. She had been severely beaten.Caucasian
Shelly-Anne Bascu16MissingHinton, Alberta1983Several days after disappearing, personal items including clothing and blood droplets matching her blood type were found near the Athabasca River.[13]Caucasian
Alberta Gail Williams24HomicidePrince Rupert1989 (August)Alberta Williams went missing on Aug. 25, 1989. Her body was found on 25 Sept. 1989, about 37 km (23 mi) east of Prince Rupert, B.C., near the Tyee Overpass. She had been strangled and sexually assaulted.[14]First Nations
Delphine Nikal16MissingSmithers1990 (June)Delphine Nikal vanished on June 13, 1990. The 15-year-old teenager was hitchhiking east from the town of Smithers, B.C.First Nations
Ramona Wilson16HomicideSmithers1994

(June)

She was hitchhiking from Smithers to attend a dance and stay with friends in Hazelton, BC on June 1, 1994. Ramona's remains were found April 1995 north of Yellich Road near the Smithers Airport. Several items were in a small organized pile a few feet away.

Other objects nearby included a half-buried small section of rope, three interlocking nylon ties and a small pink "brass knuckles" type water pistol.[15][16]

First Nations
Roxanne Thiara15HomicideBurns Lake1994 (July)She went missing in Prince George on the July long weekend in 1994. She had worked as a prostitute and told a friend she was going out with a customer. She walked around the corner of a building and was never heard from again. Her body was found August 17, 1994, in the bush along Highway 16, 6 km (3.7 mi) east of Burns Lake. She knew victim Alisha Germaine[17]First Nations
Alishia 'Leah' Germaine15HomicidePrince George1994 (December)She was found murdered on December 9, 1994, behind Haldi Road Elementary School off of Highway 16 W. outside of Prince George. Leah was stabbed to death. She knew victim Roxanne Thiara[17]First Nations
Lana Derrick19MissingThornhill1995 (October)She was last seen in October 1995 at a service station in Thornhill.[18] One rumor said she got into the car with two unidentified men.[19]First Nations
Nicole Hoar24MissingPrince George2002 (June)Nicole Hoar was last seen hitchhiking to Smithers. Originally from Red Deer, Alberta, Nicole was last seen at a gas station at 5952 Gauthier Road, west of Prince George, on June 21, 2002 at approximately 14:50 talking to a 30-ish year old caucasian man in an orange car[20]Police investigated convicted murderer Leland Vincent Switzer and searched his Isle Pierre property but didn't find any human remains.[21][22][23]Caucasian
Tamara Lynn Chipman22MissingPrince Rupert2005 (September)Last seen in Prince Rupert, on September 25, 2005, while hitchhiking east on Highway 16 near the Industrial Park.[24][25]First Nations
Aielah Saric Auger14HomicidePrince George2006 (February)The body of Aielah Saric-Auger, 14, was found February 10, 2006 shortly after she went missing on February 2, 2006.[26] A motorist found Saric-Auger in a ditch on Highway 16 near Tabor Mountain, nearly 20 km (12 mi) east of Prince George.First Nations

Suspects and convictions

Investigators are confident that a single serial killer is not responsible for all of the E-PANA investigations.To date only one suspect has been charged in any of the E-Pana cases, Garry Taylor Handlen. Handlen was charged with the murder of 12 year old Monica Jack.[27] Bobby Jack Fowler was shown through DNA evidence to be responsible for the murder of Colleen MacMillen, but died in prison before charges could be laid. Fowler is also the prime suspect in the murders of Gale Weys and Pamela Darlington.[28]

On September 25, 2012, the RCMP announced a link between the murders and Fowler. His DNA was found on the body of Colleen MacMillen, one of the presumed victims.[29] Investigators first compiled a DNA profile of the perpetrator in 2007, but technology available at the time did not yield a strong enough sample. New technologies allowed police to re-examine the DNA in 2012, leading to the identification.[30] In addition, Fowler is also strongly suspected of having killed both Gale Weys and Pamela Darlington in 1973. The RCMP believe that he may have also killed as many as ten or possibly even twenty of the other victims.[29][31] Several of the E-Pana murders took place after Fowler's arrest in June 1995.

In December 2014, a serial rapist named Garry Taylor Handlen was charged with the murders of Monica Jack and 11-year-old Kathryn-Mary Herbert. Police said that Handlen was previously a suspect, but they had not had enough evidence to charge him. According to CBC, the RCMP said that the December 2014 arrest was attributed in part to advances in forensic science, but the specific details were not released.[32][33] Handlen was convicted on 17 January, 2019, for the first degree murder of Monica Jack. The Crown prosecution's case was based largely upon Handlen's confession which was extracted as part of a Mr. Big sting operation.[12]

It should be noted that none of the solved E-Pana cases involve victims that were found or taken near the Highway of Tears.[3]

Funding and resources

In the 2009/2010 year, E-Pana received over five million dollars in annual funding but has since dramatically declined due to budget cutbacks; receiving only $806,109 for the 2013/2014 year.[34] In 2013, Craig Callens, the RCMP Deputy Commissioner, warned that further budget reductions from the provincial government would greatly affect the Highway of Tears investigation.[35] A 2014 Freedom of Information request stated that the task force had dropped from seventy officers to twelve officers since 2010.[36]

See also

  • Bobby Jack Fowler
  • Highway of Tears murdered and missing
  • List of people who disappeared
  • Royal Canadian Mounted Police

References

1. ^http://cb.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/ViewPage.action?siteNodeId=1525
2. ^{{Cite news|url=https://vancouversun.com/news/Police+reveal+details+Pana+investigation+into+female+unsolved+cases+northern/2331959/story.html|title=Police reveal details of E-Pana investigation into 18 female unsolved cases in northern B.C.|last=Hall|first=,Neal|work=www.vancouversun.com|access-date=2018-09-30|language=en-ca}}
3. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/indigenous/highway-of-tears-investigation-yields-strong-suspects-but-no-charges-1.2688994|title='Strong suspects' but no charges in Highway of Tears investigation: RCMP {{!}} CBC News|last=Jun 26|first=CBC News · Posted:|last2=June 26|first2=2014 5:47 PM ET {{!}} Last Updated:|website=CBC|language=en|access-date=2019-01-23|last3=2014}}
4. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/canada0213webwcover_0.pdf|title=Those Who Take Us Away: Abusive Policing and Failures in Protection of Indigenous Women and Girls in Northern British Columbia|last=|first=|date=|website=Human Rights Watch|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
5. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/en/working-together-end-violence-indigenous-women-and-girls-national-scan-rcmp-initiatives-may-2017|title=Working Together to End Violence Against Indigenous Women and Girls National Scan of RCMP Initiatives May 2017 {{!}} Royal Canadian Mounted Police|last=Police|first=Government of Canada, Royal Canadian Mounted|website=www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca|language=en|access-date=2018-10-08}}
6. ^1 2 {{Cite news|url=http://www.canada.com/news/Video+RCMP+believe+there+more+than+Highway+Tears+killer/7296937/story.html|title=Victim's family still heartbroken after dead U.S. sex offender linked to Highway of Tears slaying (with video)|last=Culbert|first=Lori|date=2012-09-24|work=Canada.com|access-date=2018-09-30}}
7. ^1 2 {{Cite news|url=https://ottawacitizen.com/news/Bobby+Jack+Fowler+dead+offender+linked+three+Highway+Tears+murders/7297521/story.html|title=Bobby Jack Fowler, dead U.S. sex offender, linked to three B.C. ‘Highway of Tears’ murders|last=Culbert|first=,Lori|work=www.ottawacitizen.com|access-date=2018-09-30|language=en-ca}}
8. ^{{Cite news|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/1500763/cold-case-murder-14-year-old-girl-goes-missing-along-the-highway-of-tears/|title=Cold case murder: 14-year-old girl vanishes along Highway of Tears|work=Global News|access-date=2018-09-30|language=en}}
9. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.unsolvedcanada.ca/index.php?topic=952.0|title=Monica Ignas – Dec 13, 1974 – 15 – Murdered – Terrace – HOT Probe|website=www.unsolvedcanada.ca|access-date=2018-09-30}}
10. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.canada.com/news/Video+RCMP+believe+there+more+than+Highway+Tears+killer/7296937/story.html|title=Victim's family still heartbroken after dead U.S. sex offender linked to Highway of Tears slaying (with video)|last=Culbert|first=Lori|date=2012-09-24|work=Canada.com|access-date=2018-09-30}}
11. ^{{Cite news|url=https://vancouversun.com/Monica+Jack+headed+home+bike+never+arrived/2345239/story.html|title=Monica Jack, 12, headed home on her bike but she never arrived|last=Culbert|first=,Lori|work=www.vancouversun.com|access-date=2018-09-30|language=en-ca}}
12. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://vancouversun.com/news/local-news/garry-handlen-convicted-in-monica-jack-killing-what-the-jury-didnt-hear|title=Garry Handlen guilty in Monica Jack murder: What the jury didn’t hear {{!}} Vancouver Sun|last=January 18|first=Keith Fraser Updated:|last2=2019|date=2019-01-18|language=en|access-date=2019-01-24}}
13. ^{{Cite news|url=https://archive.is/20130117002956/http://missingincanada.angelfire.com/shelly_bascu.html|title=DF – 771BC563|date=2013-01-17|work=archive.is|access-date=2018-09-30}}
14. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/missingandmurdered/mmiw/profiles/alberta-gail-williams|title=Unresolved: Alberta Gail Williams|website=www.cbc.ca|language=en|access-date=2018-09-30}}
15. ^{{Cite news|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/1447495/bc-crimestoppers-the-case-of-missing-16-year-old-ramona-wilson-of-smithers/|title=B.C. Crime Stoppers: The case of 16-year-old Ramona Wilson of Smithers|work=Global News|access-date=2018-09-30|language=en}}
16. ^{{Cite news|url=https://hazlitt.net/feature/death-and-afterlife-ramona-wilson|title=The Death and Afterlife of Ramona Wilson {{!}} Hazlitt|date=2015-06-16|work=Hazlitt|access-date=2018-09-30}}
17. ^1 {{Cite news|url=https://vancouversun.com/news/unsolved+cases+murdered+missing+girls+women+along+alberta+highways+from+1969+2006/9903587/story.html|title=Unsolved cases of murdered and missing girls and women along B.C. and Alberta highways, from 1969 to 2006|last=Hall|first=,Lori Culbert and Neal|work=www.vancouversun.com|access-date=2018-09-30|language=en-ca}}
18. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/missingandmurdered/mmiw/profiles/lana-patricia-derrick|title=Unresolved: Lana Patricia Derrick|website=www.cbc.ca|language=en|access-date=2018-09-30}}
19. ^{{Cite news|url=https://theprovince.com/news/national/First+Nations+cities+known+Highway+Tears+years/9854673/story.html|title=First Nations, cities say B.C. has known how to fix Highway of Tears for years|last=Press|first=,James Keller, The Canadian|work=www.theprovince.com|access-date=2018-09-30|language=en-CA}}
20. ^{{Cite news|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/1393488/help-crime-stoppers-young-woman-goes-missing-in-prince-george-in-2002/|title=Help Crime Stoppers: Young woman goes missing in Prince George in 2002|work=Global News|access-date=2018-09-30|language=en}}
21. ^{{Cite web|url=http://250news.theexplorationplace.com/www.opinion250.com/blog/view/13864.html|title=Former Owner of Pinewood Rd Property Had Theories on Nicole Hoar Case – Opinion 250 – News for Northern and Central Interior of British Columbia, Canada|website=250news.theexplorationplace.com|access-date=2018-09-30}}
22. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/british-columbia/rcmp-conclude-search-of-land-near-highway-of-tears/article4195250/|title=RCMP conclude search of land near Highway of Tears|access-date=2018-09-30}}
23. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2011/07/10/canada-s-highway-of-tears-why-are-women-disappearing|title=Canada’s Highway of Tears: Why Are Women Disappearing?|last=Pelisek|first=Christine|date=2011-07-10|work=The Daily Beast|access-date=2018-09-30|language=en}}
24. ^{{Cite web|url=http://ammsa.com/publications/ravens-eye/family-searches-clues-seventh-girl-disappears-0|title=Family searches for clues as seventh girl disappears|website=Ammsa.com|language=en|access-date=2018-09-30}}
25. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/missingandmurdered/mmiw/profiles/tamara-lynn-chipman|title=Unresolved: Tamara Lynn Chipman|website=www.cbc.ca|language=en|access-date=2018-09-30}}
26. ^{{Cite news|url=https://vancouversun.com/news/unsolved+cases+murdered+missing+girls+women+along+alberta+highways+from+1969+2006/9903587/story.html|title=Unsolved cases of murdered and missing girls and women along B.C. and Alberta highways, from 1969 to 2006|last=Hall|first=,Lori Culbert and Neal|work=www.vancouversun.com|access-date=2018-09-30|language=en-ca}}
27. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/garry-taylor-handlen-charged-in-2-child-slaying-cold-cases-1.2856285|title=Charges laid in slaying of 2 B.C. girls in '70s cold cases {{!}} CBC News|work=CBC|access-date=2018-09-30|language=en-US}}
28. ^{{Cite news|url=https://ottawacitizen.com/news/Bobby+Jack+Fowler+dead+offender+linked+three+Highway+Tears+murders/7297521/story.html|title=Bobby Jack Fowler, dead U.S. sex offender, linked to three B.C. ‘Highway of Tears’ murders|last=Culbert|first=,Lori|work=www.ottawacitizen.com|access-date=2018-09-30|language=en-ca}}
29. ^1 {{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/story/2012/09/25/bc-highway-tears-macmillen-fowler.html|title=Deceased U.S. convict linked to 3 B.C. cold cases – British Columbia – CBC News|author=Sep 25, 2012 10:59 AM PT|date=|accessdate=2012-09-26|publisher=Cbc.ca}}
30. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.canada.com/news/Video+RCMP+believe+there+more+than+Highway+Tears+killer/7296937/story.html|title=Victim's family still heartbroken after dead U.S. sex offender linked to Highway of Tears slaying|last=Culbert|first=Lori|date=September 26, 2012}}
31. ^http://katu.com/news/local/suspect-named-in-1995-double-homicide-linked-to-20-others-11-19-2015
32. ^ , CBC News
33. ^[https://vancouversun.com/news/Suspect+killings+well+known+police+serial+rapist/10431704/story.html].Vancouver Sun
34. ^{{Cite news|url=https://vancouversun.com/news/Police+budget+officers+Highway+Tears+probe/10196415/story.html|title=Police budget, officers cut in Highway of Tears probe|last=Culbert|first=,Lori|work=www.vancouversun.com|access-date=2018-09-30|language=en-ca}}
35. ^{{cite web|url=http://bc.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/ViewPage.action?siteNodeId=50&contentId=27095|title=E-Pana Announce Significant Development and Request for Public Assistance|website=BC RCMP}}
36. ^{{Cite web|url=https://vancouversun.com/news/Police+budget+officers+Highway+Tears+probe/10196415/story.html|title=Police budget, officers cut in Highway of Tears probe|last=|first=|date=|website=Vancouver Sun|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}

7 : Crime in British Columbia|Highway of Tears|Missing people|Missing person cases in Canada|Royal Canadian Mounted Police|Unidentified serial killers|Unsolved murders
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