| 词条 | Erythranthe cuprea |
| 释义 |
|image = Mimulus cupreus 1.JPG |genus = Erythranthe |species = cuprea |authority = (Dombrain) G.L.Nesom |synonyms =
|synonyms_ref = [1] }}Erythranthe cuprea is a species of monkeyflower also known by the common name flor de cobre (Eng: copper flower). It was formerly known as Mimulus cupreus.[1][2][3][4] Its characteristics in nectar and petal shape are markedly different from other species in this genus found in Chile.[5] DistributionErythranthe cuprea is endemic to central and southern Chile with wet locales such as riverbanks.[6] Several commercial cultivars are available: 'Fire Dragon', 'Fire King', 'Highland Red', 'Inshriach Crimson', 'Plymtree', 'Red Emperor', 'Scarlet Bay', 'Scarlet Bee', 'Whitecroft Scarlet' and 'Wisley Red'. Many of these cultivars are hybrids with Erythranthe lutea or Erythranthe guttata.[7][8]DescriptionSimilar to E. lutea but of a short life span, Erythranthe cuprea has atypical flower coloring, being coppery-orange to coppery-red, whereas most monkey-flowers are yellow or red, though occasional yellow morphs are found.[6] This does not affect pollination by bees and E. cuprea possesses a high degree of self-pollination.[7] Leaves have teeth and are oval. The plant grows to about {{convert|20-30|cm|in|sp=us}} in height and flowers are {{convert|4|cm|in|sp=us}} in length. Flowering occurs in the summer.[9] Petal-color polymorphism is controlled by a single locus; petal and dorsal coloring is co-inherited, indicating single or linked control.[6] The red-copper color of the flowers is caused by a water-soluble pigment, cyanidin, which is an anthocyanin,[10][11][12] acquired through a gain-of-function mutation. An unusual feature is that a similar mutation in a different gene has occurred in E. lutea, but "the loci are related through duplication."[13] References1. ^1 {{citation |authors=Barker, W.R.; Nesom, G.L.; Beardsley, P.M.; Fraga, N.S. |year=2012 |title=A taxonomic conspectus of Phrymaceae: A narrowed circumscriptions for Mimulus, new and resurrected genera, and new names and combinations |journal=Phytoneuron |volume=2012–39 |pages=1–60 |url=http://www.phytoneuron.net/PhytoN-Phrymaceae.pdf}} 2. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Beardsley | first1 = P. M.|last2=Yen|first2=Alan | last3 = Olmstead | first3 = R. G. | year = 2003 | title = AFLP Phylogeny of Mimulus Section Erythranthe and the Evolution of Hummingbird Pollination| journal = Evolution | volume = 57 | issue =6| pages = 1397–1410|jstor=3448862| doi = 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2003.tb00347.x}} 3. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Beardsley | first1 = P. M. | last2 = Olmstead | first2 = R. G. | year = 2002 | title = Redefining Phrymaceae: the placement of Mimulus, tribe Mimuleae, and Phryma | url = http://www.amjbot.org/content/89/7/1093.full | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 89 | issue = 7 | pages = 1093–1102 | doi=10.3732/ajb.89.7.1093| pmid = 21665709 |jstor=4122195}} 4. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Beardsley | first1 = P. M.|last2=Schoenig|first2=Steve E.| last3 = Whittall | first3 = Justen B. | last4 = Olmstead| first4 =Richard G. | year = 2004 | title =Patterns of Evolution in Western North American Mimulus (Phrymaceae) | journal = American Journal of Botany| volume =91 | issue =3| pages = 474–4890|jstor=4123743| doi = 10.3732/ajb.91.3.474| pmid = 21653403}} 5. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Cooley| first1 =Arielle M. | last2 = Carvallo| first2 =G.| last3 = Willis| first3 =John H.| date= February 2008| title = Is Floral Diversification Associated with Pollinator Divergence? Flower Shape, Flower Colour and Pollinator Preference in Chilean Mimulus| journal = Annals of Botany | volume = 101| issue =5 |pages =641–650| doi=10.1093/aob/mcn014| pmid =18272528 | pmc =2710177}} 6. ^1 2 {{cite journal | last1=Cooley| first1= Arielle M. | last2=Willis| first2=John H.| year=2009 | title=Genetic divergence causes parallel evolution of flower color in Chilean Mimulus| journal=New Phytologist | volume=183| issue=3| pages=729–739 | doi=10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02858.x| pmid= 19453433 }} 7. ^1 {{Cite journal|last=Bryant|first=T. A.|date=April 2008|title=ContentSelect- Monkeyflowers, bees – but no birds|journal=Annals of Botany|volume=101|issue=5|pages=v–vi|jstor=43575860}} 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://encyclopaedia.alpinegardensociety.net/plants/Mimulus/cupreus|title=Mimulus cupreus|publisher=Alpine Garden Society|accessdate=12 February 2017}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/details?plantid=1280|title=Mimulus cupreus 'Whitecroft Scarlet'|publisher=Royal Horticultural Society|accessdate=12 February 2017}} 10. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Goodwin| first1 =T. W. | last2 = Thomas| first2 =D. M. | date= January 1964 | title = The carotenoid pigments in the petals of Mimulus cupreus and Mimulus tigrinus | url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S003194220083993X | journal = Phytochemistry | volume = 3| issue = 1 | pages = 47–50 | doi=10.1016/S0031-9422(00)83993-X}} 11. ^{{cite book |last=Cooley|first=Arielle Marie |year=2008 |title=Evolution of Floral Color Patterning in Chilean Mimulus |publisher=Duke University|location=Durham. NC|isbn=978-0549898689|pages=9–15, 58|url=http://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/dspace/handle/10161/895}} 12. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Streisfeld| first1 =Matthew A. | last2 =Rausher| first2 =Mark D.| date= March 2011 | title = Population Genetics, Pleiotropy, and the Preferential Fixation of Mutations During Adaptive Evolution | journal = Evolution| volume = 65| issue = 3 | pages = 629–642 | jstor=29782952| doi =10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01165.x | pmid =21054357 }} 13. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Cooley| first1 =Arielle M. | last2 = Modliszewski| first2 =Jennifer L.| last3 = Rommel| first3 =Megan L.|last4 = Willis| first4 =John H.| date= April 2011| title = Gene Duplication in Mimulus Underlies Parallel Floral Evolution via Independent trans-Regulatory Changes | url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982211003009 | journal = Current Biology | volume = 21| issue =8 |pages = 700–704| doi=10.1016/j.cub.2011.03.028| pmid =21474312 }} External links{{Commonscat}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q17746439}} 2 : Erythranthe|Flora of Chile |
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