“Escovopsis aspergilloides”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Escovopsis aspergilloides is a species of fungus that was rediscovered in 1995 by mycologists Keith A. Seifert, Robert A. Samson and Ignacio Chapela.^[1]^[2] Escovopsis aspergilloides co-exist in a symbiotic relationship with attini ants - fungus-growing ants. The highly evolved, ancient ant-fungus mutualism has become a model system in the study of symbiosis.^[3] In spite of this, the genus Escovopsis was not proposed until 1990 and the first two species were not formally described until the 1990s: E. weberi by Muchovej and Della Lucia in 1990 E. aspergilloides by Seifert, Samson and Chapela in 1995.

Discovery

Ant-fungus mutualism

There are 257 species of ants that constitute the tribe Attini.^[5] These leaf-cutting ants and fungus survive in an ant–fungus mutualism^[6] - an obligate symbiosis - in which neither can exist without the other. Ants grow the fungus - the basidiomycete cultivar - propagating it, nurturing and defending it - the fungus becomes almost their sole source of food.^[7]

Rediscovery and taxonomy

In 1995 Seifert, Samson and Chapela isolated Escovopsis aspergilloides from nests of the Trachymyrmex ruthae - an ant species originally from Trinidad.^[1]{{rp|407}} E. aspergilloides differs from other species in Escovopsis weberi by its "globose vesicles and narrow, ellipsoidal conidia."^[1]{{rp|412}}

American entomologist and myrmecologist [https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Neal_A._Weber Neal A. Weber] began publishing his research on ants in 1934 continued to investigate the relationship between ants and fungus gardens for 35 years. Little had been published in the twentieth century about the species Escovopsis and ant gardens prior to his 1966 article "Fungus-growing ants" in the journal Science.^[8]^[9]{{rp|xx}} Weber pioneered culture methods needed to distinguish the different species of fungus harboured by ants. In 1972 H. Z. Kreisel recognized one of Moeller's unnamed anamorphic fungi in his own research on the leaf-cutting ant Atta insularis and described it as a new genus and species – Phialocladus zsoltii but did not formally describe the genus and the species.^[10] In 1990 Muchovej and Della Lucia rediscovered the same fungus and – noting Kreisel's omission – renamed the genus Escovopsis and the species E. weberi in honour of Weber's work.^[1]{{rp|407}}^[11]

Three more species of Escovopsis were isolated from ant nests in Brazil by 2015, including Escovopsis moelleri, Escovopsis microspora and Escovopsis lentecrescens.^[12]

See also

References

1. ^¹²³⁴{{cite journal |last1=Seifert |first1=Keith A. |last2=Samson |first2=Robert A. |last3=Chapela |first3=Ignacio H. |date=1995 |title=Escovopsis aspergilloides, a Rediscovered Hyphomycete from Leaf-Cutting Ant Nests |journal=Mycologia |volume=87 |number=3 |pages=407–413 |doi=10.2307/3760838 |publisher=The New York Botanical Garden |location=Bronx, NY |jstor=3760838}}
2. ^{{citation |url= http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/details/species/id/8458665|work= Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life |title=2011 Annual Checklist |date= 2011 |location=Reading, UK.}}
3. ^{{citation |series=Letters to Nature |journal=Nature |volume=398 |pages=701–704 |date=April 22, 1999 |doi=10.1038/19519 |author=Cameron R. Currie |author2=James A. Scott |author3=Richard C. Summerbell |author4=David Malloch|title=Fungus-growing ants use antibiotic-producing bacteria to control garden parasites}}
4. ^{{citation |last=Moeller |first=A. |date=1893 |title=The mushroom garden of some South American ants |journal=Bott. Mitt. Trap. |volume=6 |number= l}}
5. ^Lucas A. Meirelles, Quimi V. Montoya, Scott E. Solomon, and Andre Rodrigues [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4305282/ New Light on the Systematics of Fungi Associated with Attine Ant Gardens and the Description of Escovopsis kreiselii sp. nov.] PLoS One. 2015; 10(1): e0112067
6. ^{{cite book|author1=B. Hölldobler |author2=E.O. Wilson |year=1990|title=The Ants|location=Cambridge MA|publisher=Belknap|isbn=0-674-48525-4}}
7. ^{{cite journal |author1=I.H. Chapela |author2=S.A. Rehner |author3=T.R. Schultz |author4=U.G. Mueller |date=9 Dec 1994|title=Evolutionary history of the symbiosis between fungus-growing ants and their fungi|journal=Science|volume=266|issue=5191|pages=1691–1694|doi=10.1126/science.266.5191.1691|pmid=17775630|bibcode = 1994Sci...266.1691C }}
8. ^{{cite journal |title=Fungus-growing ants |last=Weber |first=Neal A. |journal=Science |date=August 5, 1966 |volume=153 |number=3736 |pages=587–604}}
9. ^{{citation |title=Gardening Ants, the Attines |first=Neal A. |last=Weber |journal=American Philosophical Society |location=Philadelphia |date= 1972 |pages =146 |series=Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society |volume=92}}
10. ^Fungi from fungus gardens of Atta insularis in Cuba. Kreisel H Z Allg Mikrobiol. 1972; 12(8):643–654
11. ^Muchovej JJ, Della Lucia TMC (1990) Escovopsis, a new genus from leaf-cutting ant nests to replace Phialocladus nomen invalidum. Mycotaxon 37: 191–195.
12. ^Masiulionis, V. E., et al. "Escovopsis trichodermoides sp nov., isolated from a nest of the lower attine ant Mycocepurus goeldii." Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek International Journal of General and Molecular Microbiology 107.3 (2015): 731–740.