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词条 Exophiala phaeomuriformis
释义

  1. History

  2. Growth and morphology

  3. Physiology

  4. Habitat and ecology

  5. Human disease

  6. External links

  7. References

{{Taxobox
| image = Exophiala phaeomuriformis.jpg
| regnum = Fungi
| divisio = Ascomycota
| classis = Eurotiomycetes
| ordo = Chaetothyriales
| familia = Herpotrichiellaceae
| genus = Exophiala
| species = E. phaeomuriformis
| binomial = Exophiala phaeomuriformis
| binomial_authority = Matos (2003)
| synonyms = *Sarcinomyces phaeomuriformis T. Matsumoto (1986)
}}Exophiala phaeomuriformis is thermophilic fungus belonging to the genus Exophiala and the family Herpotrichiellaceae.[2] it is a member of the group of fungi known as black yeasts, and is typically found in hot and humid locations, such as saunas, bathrooms, and dishwashers.[3] This species can cause skin infections[4] and is typically classified as a Biosafety Risk Group 2 agent.[5]

History

Exophiala phaeomuriformis is a member of the genus Exophiala, described in 1952 based on E. jeanselmei. Thirty species of Exophiala are currently recognized[7] amongst which Exophiala (Wangiella) dermatitidis is the most common.[8] When studying samples of E. dermatitidis, Takashi Matsumoto and colleagues observed strains with a granular colonial form and distinctive microscopic morphology.[9] Based on the resemblance of these strains to the genus Sarcinomyces, they proposed the new name, S. phaeomuriformis.[9] This taxon was transferred to the genus Exophiala by Tiago Matos and co-workers in 2003 because of its yeast-like morphology (rather than the meristematic form characteristic to members of the genus Sarcinomyces), and its closer DNA homology to the genus Exophiala.[11]Exophiala phaeomuriformis is a dematiceous (darkly pigmented) fungus and member of the group of fungi known as the black yeasts.[12][13] Black yeasts are an unrelated category of fungi that share yeast-like morphology and possess darkly melanized cell walls.[5] Although their DNA sequences are distinctive, E. phaeomuriformis and E. dermatitidis are so closely related that the two cannot be reliably differentiated morphologically or physiologically.[5][16] Antigenic cross-reactivity suggests that E. phaeomuriformis may have originated as multicellular variant of E. dematitidis.[12]

Growth and morphology

Like many other black yeasts, Exophiala phaeomuriformis is known only by its asexual form and no sexual form has been found.[4][5][9] It is a thermophilic fungus preferring temperatures between {{convert|37–42|C|F}}[2] but growing at any temperature between {{convert|15–42|C|F}}.[3] Exophilala phaeomuriformis is more sensitive than other black yeasts to salt, incapable of growth at concentrations of sodium chloride exceeding 17%.[3] Like other members of the genus Exophiala, it is able to tolerate a wide range of pH (2.5–12.5).[3]

Colonies of E. phaeomuriformis are hyaline, mycoid, and smooth when young[11] but become black, dry, crumbly, raised, and mulberry-like in texture with age.[4][9] Some strains fail to undergo this morphological switch and remain yeast-like in age.[5][9] By contrast, many strains of E. dermatitidis become mycelial with age.[9] Hyphal growth has not been observed in E. phaeomuriformis.[9] Instead, colonies develop from loosely packed, single, and rounded budding yeast cells that are either scattered or aggregated in groups.[5][9] Vegetative cells can either by unicellular or muriform (septate in all planes) or become divided by transverse septa only.[4][9] Yeast cells are thick-walled and spherical or near-spherical in shape.[4][5] Budding cells can have broad bases, occur in chains, and be multilateral, budding in different directions.[11]

Physiology

Like other member of the genus Exophiala, E. phaeomuriformis is saprotrophic, obtaining its energy exclusively from non-living organic materials.[7] When inoculated on a suitable growth medium under optimal conditions, the growth of E. phaeomuriformis is initiated in roughly 3 days;[3] however, when subject to competition, the cells may remain in a stationary state for many weeks prior to the development of visible growth.[3] Similar to E. dematitidis, E. phaeomuriformis is unable to assimilate nitrate, nitrite and melibiose; however it differs in it that some strains are unable to metabolize D-gluconate, D-glucuronate, D-galacturonate and glucono-δ-lactone.[12]

Habitat and ecology

Exophiala phaeomuriformis has a proclivity for environments rich in mono- and polyaromatic compounds, such as hydrocarbons, where it uses these compounds as sources of energy.[3] The species is plurivorous, occurring on a wide range of materials from contaminated soils and toluene rich environments to wild berries and animal feces.[3] It is also found in environments containing the preservative creosote, such as railroad ties where it is an important agent of biodeterioration.[3][46] In indoor environments, E. phaeomuriformis occurs in warm and moist environments such as toilets, saunas, or dishwashers.[2] This species is found world-wide.[48]

Human disease

Exophiala phaeomuriformis is a rare causative agent of phaeohyphomycosis[49] in cutaneous, subcutaneous and deep tissues,[4] and is responsible for 6.4% of infections caused by black yeasts.[8] Infection usually occurs following skin abrasion or penetrating injuries.[13] Exophiala phaeomuriformis can also cause corneal infection following eye exposure to contaminated water. People with cystic fibrosis (CF) are considered abnormally susceptible to Exophiala infections, including E. phaeomuriformis.[48][55] It has been suggested that differences in the microbiota profiles of CF patients may be responsible for this predisposition.[56] Treatment of E. phaeomuriformis involves a combination of surgical debridement and antifungal therapy.[49] A range of antifungal agents including caspofungin, voriconazole, itraconazole, posaconazole, and amphotericin B are active against this species.[55][59] Due to its pathogenic potential, E. phaeomuriformis is regarded as a Biosafety Risk Group 2 agent in the laboratory.[5]

External links

  • {{MycoBank|488782}}
  • {{IndexFungorum|488782}}

References

1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{cite book|last1=de Hoog|first1=G.S.|last2=Guarro|first2=J|last3=Gene|first3=J|last4=Figueras|first4=M.J.|title=Atlas of Clinical Fungi|date=1995|publisher=Amer Society for Microbiology|edition=2nd}}
2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 {{cite journal|last1=Döğen|first1=Aylin|last2=Kaplan|first2=Engin|last3=Ilkit|first3=Macit|last4=de Hoog|first4=G. Sybren|title=Massive Contamination of Exophiala dermatitidis and E. phaeomuriformis in Railway Stations in Subtropical Turkey|journal=Mycopathologia|date=3 November 2012|volume=175|issue=5–6|pages=381–386|doi=10.1007/s11046-012-9594-z}}
3. ^1 2 {{cite journal|last1=Döğen|first1=Aylin|last2=Ilkit|first2=Macit|last3=de Hoog|first3=G. Sybren|title=Black yeast habitat choices and species spectrum on high altitude creosote-treated railway ties|journal=Fungal Biology|date=October 2013|volume=117|issue=10|pages=692–696|doi=10.1016/j.funbio.2013.07.006}}
4. ^1 {{cite journal|last1=Haase|first1=G.|last2=Sonntag|first2=L.|last3=van de Peer|first3=Y.|last4=Uijthof|first4=J. M. J.|last5=Podbielski|first5=A.|last6=Melzer-Krick|first6=B.|title=Phylogenetic analysis of ten black yeast species using nuclear small subunit rRNA gene sequences|journal=Antonie van Leeuwenhoek|date=March 1995|volume=68|issue=1|pages=19–33|doi=10.1007/BF00873289}}
5. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite book|last1=Howard|first1=ed. by Dexter H.|title=Pathogenic fungi in humans and animals|date=2003|publisher=Dekker|location=New York [u.a.]|isbn=0-8247-0683-8|edition=2.}}
6. ^1 2 {{cite book|last1=Kwon-Chung|first1=K.J.|last2=Bennett|first2=John E.|title=Medical mycology|date=1992|publisher=Lea & Febiger|location=Philadelphia|isbn=0-8121-1463-9}}
7. ^1 {{cite journal|last1=Lebecque|first1=Patrick|last2=Leonard|first2=Anissa|last3=Huang|first3=Daniel|last4=Reychler|first4=Grégory|last5=Boeras|first5=Anca|last6=Leal|first6=Teresinha|last7=Symoens|first7=Françoise|title=Exophiala (Wangiella) dermatitidis and cystic fibrosis – Prevalence and risk factors|journal=Medical Mycology|date=November 2010|volume=48|issue=O1|pages=S4–S9|doi=10.3109/13693786.2010.495731}}
8. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal|last1=Matos|first1=T.|last2=Haase|first2=G|last3=Gerrits van den Ende|first3=A.H.G|last4=deHoog|first4=G|title=Molecular diversity of oligotrophic and neurotropic members of the black yeast genus Exophiala, with accent on E. dermatitidis|journal=Antonie van Leeuwenhoek|date=2003|volume=83|issue=4|pages=293–303|doi=10.1023/A:1023373329502}}
9. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 {{cite journal|last1=Matsumoto|first1=T.|last2=Padhye|first2=A.A.|last3=Ajello|first3=L.|last4=McGinnis|first4=M.R.|title=a new dematiaceous hyphomycete|journal=Medical Mycology|date=January 1986|volume=24|issue=5|pages=395–400|doi=10.1080/02681218680000601}}
10. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal|last1=Ozhak-Baysan|first1=B.|last2=O unc|first2=D.|last3=Do en|first3=A.|last4=Ilkit|first4=M.|last5=de Hoog|first5=G. S.|title=MALDI-TOF MS-based identification of black yeasts of the genus Exophiala|journal=Medical Mycology|date=6 April 2015|volume=53|issue=4|pages=347–352|doi=10.1093/mmy/myu093}}
11. ^1 2 {{cite journal|last1=Packeu|first1=A.|last2=Lebecque|first2=P.|last3=Rodriguez-Villalobos|first3=H.|last4=Boeras|first4=A.|last5=Hendrickx|first5=M.|last6=Bouchara|first6=J.-P.|last7=Symoens|first7=F.|title=Molecular typing and antifungal susceptibility of Exophiala isolates from patients with cystic fibrosis|journal=Journal of Medical Microbiology|date=11 May 2012|volume=61|issue=Pt_9|pages=1226–1233|doi=10.1099/jmm.0.042317-0}}
12. ^1 {{cite journal|last1=Rivard|first1=Robert G.|last2=McCall|first2=Suzanne|last3=Griffith|first3=Matthew E.|last4=Hawley|first4=Joshua S.|last5=Ressner|first5=Roseanne A.|last6=Borra|first6=Himabindu|last7=Moon|first7=James E.|last8=Beckius|first8=Miriam L.|last9=Murray|first9=Clinton K.|last10=Hospenthal|first10=Duane R.|title=Efficacy of caspofungin and posaconazole in a murine model of disseminated infection|journal=Medical Mycology|date=January 2007|volume=45|issue=8|pages=685–689|doi=10.1080/13693780701390157}}
13. ^1 2 {{cite book|last1=Rogers|first1=Everett Smith Beneke, Alvin Lee|title=Medical mycology and human mycoses|date=1996|publisher=Star Pub. Co.|location=Belmont, Calif.|isbn=0-89863-175-0}}
14. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal|last1=Uijthof|last2=Van Belkum|last3=De Hoog|last4=Haase|title=Exophiala dermatitidis and Sarcinomyces phaeomuriformis: ITS1-sequencing and nutritional physiology|journal=Medical Mycology|date=25 July 2008|volume=36|issue=3|pages=143–151|doi=10.1111/j.1365-280X.1998.00143.x}}
15. ^1 {{cite book|last1=K June|last2=Wang|title=Identification manual for fungi from utility poles in the eastern United States|date=1990|publisher=American Type Culture Collection|location=Rockville, Md.|isbn=9780930009311|pages=356}}
16. ^1 2 {{cite journal|last1=Woo|first1=Patrick C. Y.|last2=Ngan|first2=Antonio H. Y.|last3=Tsang|first3=Chris C. C.|last4=Ling|first4=Ian W. H.|last5=Chan|first5=Jasper F. W.|last6=Leung|first6=Shui-Yee|last7=Yuen|first7=Kwok-Yung|last8=Lau|first8=Susanna K. P.|title=Clinical Spectrum of Exophiala Infections and a Novel Exophiala Species, Exophiala hongkongensis|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|date=January 2013|volume=51|issue=1|pages=260–267|doi=10.1128/JCM.02336-12|pmid=23152554|pmc=3536265}}
17. ^1 2 {{cite journal|last1=Zeng|first1=J. S.|last2=Sutton|first2=D. A.|last3=Fothergill|first3=A. W.|last4=Rinaldi|first4=M. G.|last5=Harrak|first5=M. J.|last6=de Hoog|first6=G. S.|title=Spectrum of Clinically Relevant Exophiala Species in the United States|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|date=27 June 2007|volume=45|issue=11|pages=3713–3720|doi=10.1128/JCM.02012-06|pmid=17596364|pmc=2168524}}
[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]
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2 : Ascomycota|Fungi described in 1986
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