词条 | Exxon donor solvent process |
释义 |
| name = Exxon donor solvent process | image = | caption = | type = Chemical | sector = Chemical industry Oil industry | technologies = | feedstock = Coal | product = Synthetic fuel | companies = Carter Oil | facility = | inventor = | year = 1966 | developer = Exxon Research and Engineering Company }} Exxon donor solvent process (EDS) is a coal liquefaction process developed by Exxon Research and Engineering Company, starting in 1966. The process converts solid coal directly to liquid synthetic fuels which could be used as a substitute for petroleum products. The process does not involve an intermediate step of coal gasification. Exxon operated a pilot plant in Texas from 1980 until 1982. HistoryExxon started to develop this process in 1966 and the development process continued until 1976.[1] By 1975, the process was used in 1/2-tons per day pilot plant.[2] In 1977, preparations to build the demonstration-scale 250-tons per day plant in Baytown, Texas. The plant was opened in April 1980.[2] The plant was built by Carter Oil, an affiliate of Exxon Corporation later renamed Exxon Coal, U.S.A.[3] The plant was financed by the United States Department of Energy and by the private investors Carter Oil, Electric Power Research Institute, Japan Coal Liquefaction Development Company, Phillips Coal Company, ARCO Coal Company, Ruhrkohle and Agip.[4] The plant was closed and dismantled in 1982.[2][5] Originally Exxon planned to open its first commercial scale plant in 1997;[1] however, this plan was abandoned. ProcessThe Exxon donor solvent process is a non-catalytic processing of solvent-slurried coal in a high-pressure liquefaction reactor. Coal is cleaned, crushed and fed to the slurry dryer, where water is removed. The dry crushed coal is slurried with the hydrogen donor recycle solvent. The coal slurry is treated with hydrogen and heated in a liquefaction slurry furnace. The liquefaction occurs at {{convert|840|°F|°C}} and {{convert|2000|psi}}. The process produces gas and liquids. After separation of gas from liquids and remaining solids, the gas is cooled to separate vaporized naptha, and scrubbed to remove ammonia, hydrogen gas, and carbon monoxide. The remaining gas is treated with hydrogen, and reused in the liquefaction reactor. Liquids, remaining solids, and condensate from the process gas are treated in fractionators for separating naptha, a spent solvent, and vacuum gas oil. Naptha is processed into different hydrocarbon products while spent solvent hydrogenated before reusing in the slurry drier.[1] By this process from {{convert|1|ST|spell=in|3}} of dry, high volatile coal can be produced more than {{convert|2.6|oilbbl}} of a synthetic fuel.[6] Initially, the process was focused to be used for bituminous coals but it was tested also for lower grade coals, such as lignite.[7] Pilot testings show that lignite was harder to process than bituminous coals and it resulted a lower oil yield.[8] References1. ^1 2 {{Cite web | url= http://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPDF.cgi/9100X19V.PDF?Dockey=9100X19V.PDF | title = Technical Report. Exxon Donor Solvent Coal Liquefaction Process | first = John | last = McGuckin | publisher = United States Environmental Protection Agency | date = February 1982 | accessdate = 2016-04-11}} 2. ^1 2 {{cite book | first1 = James A. | last1 = Kent | title = Riegel's Handbook of Industrial Chemistry | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ogLqBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA574 | edition = 9 | year = 2013 | publisher = Springer Science & Business Media | page = 574 | isbn = 9781475764314}} 3. ^{{cite book | first1 = Ronald F. | last1 = Probstein | first2 = R. Edwin | last2 = Hicks | title = Synthetic Fuels | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=rP7DAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA301 | series = Dover Books on Aeronautical Engineering | year = 2013 | publisher = Courier Corporation | page = 301 | isbn = 9780486319339}} 4. ^{{cite book | first1 = Peter S. | last1 = Maa | first2 = Ken L. | last2 = Trachte | first3 = Richard D. | last3 = Williams | editor1-first = Richard H. | editor1-last = Schlosberg | title = Chemistry of Coal Conversion | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=AXX1BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA317 | chapter = Solvent Effects in Exxon Donor-Solvent Coal Liquefaction | year = 2013 | publisher = Springer Science & Business Media | page = 317 | isbn = 9781489936325}} 5. ^{{cite book | first1 = Sunggyu | last1 = Lee | first2 = James G. | last2 = Speight | first3 = Sudarshan K. | last3 = Loyalka | title = Handbook of Alternative Fuel Technologies | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=1dXhAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA100 | edition = 2 | series = Green Chemistry and Chemical Engineering | year = 2014 | publisher = CRC Press | pages = 100–101 | isbn = 9781466594562}} 6. ^{{cite journal | first1 = R. C. | last1 = Neavel | first2 = C. F. | last2 = Knights | first3 = H. | last3 = Schulz | title = Exxon Donor Solvent Liquefaction Process | url = http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/300/1453/141 | journal = Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences | volume = 300 | issue = 1453 | pages = 141–156 | date = March 20, 1981 | doi = 10.1098/rsta.1981.0055 | issn = 1471-2962}} 7. ^{{cite journal | first1 = Willard N. | last1 = Mitchell | first2 = Kenneth L. | last2 = Trachte | first3 = Sam | last3 = Zaczepinski | title = Performance of Low Rank Coals in the Exxon Donor Solvent Process | journal = Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Product Research and Development | volume = 18 | issue = 4 | year = 1979 | pages = 311–314 | doi = 10.1021/i360072a016}} 8. ^{{cite book | first1 = Harold H. | last1 = Schobert | title = Lignites of North America | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZzUGlayhuYC&pg=PA641 | volume = 23 | series = Coal Science and Technology | year = 1995 | publisher = Elsevier | page = 641 | isbn = 9780080544625}} 4 : ExxonMobil|Coal technology|Synthetic fuel technologies|Industrial processes |
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