1. Junípero Serra

2. Kangas' original works
    The clay sculpture  The concrete sculpture 

3. Preservation and reproductions
    Deterioration and plans for replacement  Creation of the wooden replica  The bronze cast 

4. Controversy and vandalism

5. See also

6. References

The Father Serra statues in Ventura, California, consist of four statues of Junípero Serra: (i) an original made of clay in 1936 by Uno John Palo Kangas (1904–1957); (ii) a concrete version made by Kangas and displayed in front of Ventura City Hall from 1936 to 1989; (iii) a wood replica created by local carvers from 1987 to 1988 and displayed in the atrium of City Hall since 1988; and (iv) a bronze cast made in 1989 and displayed in front of City Hall since October 1989.

All four versions of the Father Serra statue were nine feet, four inches in height. They depict Father Serra standing with his head facing to the left and wearing a Franciscan cassock with cowl, sandals, and a rope belt (or cincture), a rosary hanging from the belt, a book in his left hand, and a walking stick (or staff) in his right hand.

In 1974, the original concrete Father Serra statue was designated as Ventura Historic Landmark No. 3.^[1] The public display of Serra statuary has been a source of controversy, particularly among those alleging that Father Serra was responsible for the suppression of the culture of Chumash people.

Junípero Serra

Junípero Serra was a Roman Catholic Spanish priest and friar of the Franciscan Order who founded nine Spanish missions in California. In 1782, Serra founded Mission San Buenaventura, his ninth and final mission, on a site that became Ventura, California. In September 2015, Serra was canonised as a saint by Pope Francis, drawing national attention to Ventura's Father Serra statue.^[2]

Kangas' original works

In 1935, Uno John Palo Kangas (1904–1957), a sculptor born in Finland and raised in Michigan, was commissioned by Ventura County and the Works Progress Administration to create a statue of Father Serra as part of the Federal Art Project.^[3] Kangas was paid $5,000 for his work.^[4] Kangas had gained some acclaim in 1935 for a heroic statue of a Civilian Conservation Corps worker titled "Conservation of Man and Nature" that was installed at Griffith Park in Los Angeles.^[4]

The clay sculpture

Kangas began by visiting the Santa Barbara and Ventura Missions to study images of Serra and to learn about his life and style of dress. He also made multiple sketches in preparation for the work.^[5] The sculpting process began with the creation of a full-size clay model; the clay model took four months to complete and was built at Kangas' studio at 3929 Fountain Avenue in Los Angeles.^[7] The clay sculpture was built around a frame of wood and chicken wire which Kangas then covered with layers of clay.^[6] According to a contemporary of the artist, Kangas used Meiners Oak resident Gordon Douglas as a model for the face of Serra.^[7] In August 1936, the Los Angeles Times published on its front page a large photograph (shown to the right) of Kangas posing with the clay sculpture.^[8]

The disposition of the original clay sculpture is unknown. However, a newspaper story from April 1938 suggests that the original clay model may have been loaned to a museum in Butte, Montana, for an exhibition on scale models of sculpture. The story announced: "'Fray Junipero Serra', by John Palo-Kangas, one of the scale models of sculpture to be shown at the Butte Art Center, beginning on April 21st, is in the original at the Ventura county courthouse at San Buenaventura, Calif."^[9]

The concrete sculpture

Kangas next built a breakaway mold of the clay sculpture using plaster of paris. The mold was placed in front of the courthouse, and a scaffolding was built around the mold.^[12] Kangas gathered sand and gravel from the Ventura River,^[4] which he used to make a concrete aggregate material that he poured on location into the mold.^[12] After the concrete hardened, the mold was removed and Kangas smoothed the outer surface.^[10]

On November 27, 1936, Kangas' concrete sculpture was unveiled in front of the Ventura County Courthouse (later converted to Ventura City Hall). The unveiling ceremony was attended by Kangas, Governor Frank Merriam, Mayor George A. Newell, Jr., and other notable persons. In his speech, Gov. Merriam said: "A beautiful statue is about to be made visible, exemplifying the spirit of this pioneering priest – noble, brave and holy – a patriot of patriots."^[11]

Kangas' concrete statue remained in front of the courthouse/city hall for more than 50 years from 1936 to 1989. By the 1980s, it had deteriorated from years of exposure to Ventura's salt air and from the pooling of rainwater in the collar of the statue's robe, which formed a natural basin. In addition, the statue was painted by a vandal or vandals, and the City responded by sandblasting the statue, damaging the statue's smooth outer layer and accelerating the decay.^[4]

The statue was removed from its pedestal in September 1989 to make room for installation of the bronze cast.^[4] At the time of the removal, the City planned to store the concrete statue at the Hilford Moving and Storage building until the completion of a planned farm implements museum, where the concrete statue was to be installed.^[12] However, the statue never made it to the Hilford facility, and the farm implements museum was delayed when its chief proponent, Bob Pfeiler, became ill.^[13] In 1996, the concrete statue was discovered by a reporter for the Los Angeles Times in a scrap yard operated by Oilfield Service & Trucking Company (OST) along Ventura Avenue.^[14] A crane from OST had been used to remove the statue in 1989, and the statue was to have been temporarily stored at the OST yard.^[14][15] As of May 2001, the concrete statue remained at the OST yard.^[13] As of April 2018, the concrete statue remains at the OST yard in a decaying wooden crate (see photo to the right).

Preservation and reproductions

Deterioration and plans for replacement

Ownership of the concrete statue passed from Ventura County to the City of Ventura in 1971.^[16] In 1983, Ventura City Councilman Russell Burns, a mechanical engineer, presented a report to the City Council describing the deterioration of the statue and concluding that the statue "in the not too distant future will fall apart."^[17] The City in 1984 commissioned studies of the statue by an art conservator, an engineering firm, and a concrete expert.^[18] The studies reached the conclusion that the statue should be moved inside and that the statue was too fragile to be copied by molding.^[18][29]

Based on the findings, Councilman Burns proposed the creation of a wood replica of the statue which could then be used as a mold for a permanent bronze cast to be displayed in place of the decaying concrete statue.^[18] In 1986, Burns' proposal was unanimously adopted by the Ventura City Council. The City fronted an initial sum of $15,000 to begin the process, and local boosters also raised more than $100,000 through the sale of limited edition 18-inch bronze replicas (hand-tooled by Charles Kubilos),^[19][20] posters/lithographs,^[21][22] and T-shirts, hats, and pins bearing the phrase "I Support the Serra Statue".^{[23][24][25][26]}

Creation of the wooden replica

The reproduction process began by taking precise measurements of all aspects of the concrete statue, using 1,782 points of reference.^[29][27] According to a book written on the process, "more than 4,000 charts, drawings, grids, and photographs were made from the measurements."^[28] Master carver Wilbur Rubottom and a team of 16 carvers from the Channel Islands Carvers club then painstakingly created the wood replica in a studio at the old livery building on Palm Street in Ventura.^{[29][30][31][32]} The carving began with large strips of basswood from linden trees in a Great Lakes forest that were glued together to form a 1,200-pound block.^[30] The carvers' studio was open to the public, and busloads of schoolchildren, senior citizens, and tourists visited the studio to observe the process.^[29] During the 1987 Ventura County Fair, the wood block was temporarily moved to the county fairgrounds where the carvers' work became an attraction for visitors.^[33]

The carving took 14 months from April 1987 to June 1988. In all, 10,000 man hours were dedicated to creating the wood replica.^[30] The wood replica was installed at the atrium of Ventura City Hall on October 7, 1988.^[34]

The bronze cast

In 1988, the City of Ventura accepted a $17,000 bid from a group of student artists at the California Sculpture Center at College of the Desert in Palm Desert to create a bronze cast of the sculpture using the wood replica.^[35] A group of the student artists visited the wood statue at the old livery building and made latex molds in multiple sections.^[36] The bronze figure was then cast in 20 pieces using the "lost wax" method.^[37][38][39]

The bronze cast was unveiled in front of Ventura City Hall at a ceremony on October 20, 1989, attended by more than 500 persons.^[40][41] The bronze cast stands on a concrete base with an outer layer of polished black granite from the Andes Mountains.^[42]

Since 1989, the bronze cast has been on display in the middle of a pedestrian island at the top of California Street overlooking downtown Ventura and the Pacific Ocean. A plaque at the base of the statue states: "The citizens of the City of San Buenaventura gratefully recognize the extraordinary efforts of Councilman Russell Burns (1918–1994) and master carver Wilbur Rubottom (1914–1993) to replace the decaying concrete 1936 statue of Father Serra by John Palo-Kangas with this cherished bronze copy dedicated on October 20, 1989."^[43]

Controversy and vandalism

The City's plan to display the wooden replica in the atrium of Ventura City Hall was met with objections from the city art committee and the Candelaria American Indian Council. Members of the art committee felt the statue was too large to be placed in the atrium, and the Indian Council objected due to Father Serra's alleged abuse and enslavement of the Chumash people. The objectors did not prevail, though the City also commissioned a series of murals reproducing local Chumash petroglyphs which were installed next to the wooden Serra statue.^[44][34]

Ventura's Serra statues have also been subjected to vandalism over the years. In May 1980, primer paint was poured over the concrete statue; city workers sandblasted the paint from the statue.^[45] In January 1991, four glass jars full of orange and blue paint were thrown at the bronze cast; the words "Spirit of Crazy Horse" and an image of a clenched fist were also spray-painted on the sidewalk at the base of the statue.^[46] In May 1992, the bronze cast's hand was painted with red paint, and a message was stenciled on the concrete below accusing Serra of having failed to honor God and claiming that Serra was a symbol of slavery to Native Americans.^[47]

Some continue to object to the public display of Serra statuary, citing the mistreatment of the Chumash people. Following Serra's canonization in 2015, Serra statues were vandalized at Carmel Mission (smeared with green paint, "Saint of Genocide" written on a headstone),^[48] Monterey's Lower Presidio Historic Park (decapitated),^[49] San Fernando Mission (hands painted red and word "murderer" scrawled),^[50] Mission Santa Barbara (decapitated and covered in red paint),^[51] and San Gabriel Mission (cut with electric saw and splashed with red paint).^[52]

In August 2017, amid the controversy over public display and vandalism of Serra statues, the Ventura County Star published an editorial calling for the removal of Serra statues. The author of the editorial, Rellis Smith, wrote: "To have statues such as the one in front of Ventura City Hall is a direct slap in the face of all Chumash and other Native American cultures."^[53]

See also

• City of Ventura Historic Landmarks and Districts
• Junípero Serra (Cadorin)

References

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