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词条 Fat removal procedures
释义

  1. Invasive

     Liposuction 

  2. Noninvasive

     Ultrasound  Low level laser light  Radiofrequency  Cryolipolysis 

  3. Regulatory status

  4. References

Fat removal procedures are used mostly in cosmetic surgery to remove unwanted adipose tissue. The procedure may be invasive, as with liposuction,[1] or noninvasive using laser therapy, radiofrequency, ultrasound or cold (cryoablation) to reduce fat, sometimes in combination with injections.[2][3]

Fat is sometimes removed from one location to another on a person in an autograft, such as in some breast reconstruction and breast augmentation procedures.[4] These techniques are distinct from bariatric surgery, which aims to treat obesity by minimizing food consumption or by interfering with the absorption of food during digestion. They are distinct from injection lipolysis, which depends on device-based procedures, while injection lipolysis relies solely on injections marketed as causing lipolysis.[2]

Invasive

Liposuction

Liposuction is a type of cosmetic surgery that removes fat from the human body in an attempt to change its shape.[5] Evidence does not support an effect on weight beyond a couple of months and it does not appear to affect obesity related problems.[6][7] In the United States it is the most commonly done cosmetic surgery.[9][8]

Serious complications include deep vein thrombosis, organ perforation, bleeding, and infection.[9] Death occurs in about one per ten thousand cases.[10]

The procedure may be performed under general, regional, or local anesthesia. It then involves using a cannula and negative pressure to suck out fat.[9] It is believed to work best on people with a normal weight and good skin elasticity.[11]

Noninvasive

Ultrasound

Focused thermal ultrasound techniques work by raising the tissue temperature above 56 °C, resulting in coagulative necrosis of adipocytes, with sparing of vessels and nerves. Passive heating of the skin may also induce collagen remodeling.[12][13][14]

Hydrolipoclasy is a technique that is being studied as an alternative to liposuction.[18] It involves injecting a hypotonic solution into an area of fat and then subjecting it to ultrasound waves.[15]

Low level laser light

Low level laser light reduces the stability of adipocyte cell membranes, allowing cells to release their stores of fat without damaging the cell.[16]

Radiofrequency

Radiofrequency devices work by producing an alternating flow, which creates an electric field over the skin. The electric field shifts polarity millions of times per second, that causes a change in orientation of charged particles.[17]

Cryolipolysis

Cryolipolysis is a method to remove fat by freezing.[18][19][20] The method involves controlled application of cooling within the temperature range of -11 to +5 °C for the non-invasive, localized reduction of fat deposits, intending to reshape the contours of the body.[18][19] The degree of exposure to cooling causes cell death of subcutaneous fat tissue, without apparent damage to the overlying skin.[19][28] It appears primarily applicable to limited discrete fat bulges.[18][19][21] Adverse effects include transient local redness, bruising and numbness of the skin are common side effects of the treatment and are expected to subside.[19][21] Typically sensory deficits will subside within a month. The effect on peripheral nerves was investigated and failed to show permanent detrimental results.[28]

Based on the premise that fat cells are more easily damaged by cooling than skin cells (such as popsicle panniculitis), cryolipolysis was developed to apply low temperatures to tissue via thermal conduction.[22] In order to avoid frostbite, a specific temperature level and exposure are determined, such as 45 minutes at {{convert|-10|C|F}}.[19][23] While the process is not fully understood, it appears that fatty tissue that is cooled below body temperature, but above freezing, undergoes localized cell death ("apoptosis") followed by a local inflammatory response that gradually over the course of several months results in a reduction of the fatty tissue layer.[19][24][23]

Typical cost per treatment area varies depending on location. Price in the US ranges from $750 to $1,500,[25] with UK prices about £750 per area to be treated.[26] Treatment time for general use/application is 35–60 minutes per site, depending on the applicator used.[27] In the U.S., the CoolSculpting procedure is FDA-cleared for the treatment of visible fat bulges in the submental area, thigh, abdomen and flank, along with bra fat, back fat, underneath the buttocks, and upper arm. It is also FDA-cleared for use on submental area treatments.[20]

Regulatory status

In 2010, Zerona, another low-level laser treatment, was cleared for marketing by the FDA as an infrared lamp.[28] Zeltiq obtained FDA marketing clearance for cryolipolysis of the flanks, and in 2012 received marketing clearance for cryolipolysis of the abdomen.[19]

Various lipolysis techniques including injection lipolysis, RF, laser, ultrasound, and cryolipolysis were forbidden in France by a decree of the French Public Health Authority in 2011. The decree was revised in 2012, distinguishing invasive techniques, which remain forbidden, from permitted non-invasive techniques; laser, RF, ultrasound and cryolipolysis that did not penetrate the skin became legal, and injection lipolysis and mesotherapy remained illegal. Laser devices that involve inserting the probe through the skin transcutaneously but do not suck out the liquefied material are also prohibited. Surgeons are permitted to perform surgical liposuction techniques using laser-assisted lipolysis so long as suction is performed.[29][30]

References

1. ^{{cite journal |last1=Shridharani |first1=SM |last2=Broyles |first2=JM |last3=Matarasso |first3=A |title=Liposuction devices: technology update. |journal=Medical Devices (Auckland, N.Z.) |date=2014 |volume=7 |pages=241–51 |doi=10.2147/MDER.S47322 |pmid=25093000 |pmc=4114741}}
2. ^1 {{cite journal |last1=Mulholland |first1=RS |last2=Paul |first2=MD |last3=Chalfoun |first3=C |title=Noninvasive body contouring with radiofrequency, ultrasound, cryolipolysis, and low-level laser therapy. |journal=Clinics in Plastic Surgery |date=July 2011 |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=503–20, vii–iii |doi=10.1016/j.cps.2011.05.002 |pmid=21824546}}
3. ^{{cite journal |last1=Ortiz |first1=AE |last2=Avram |first2=MM |title=Noninvasive body contouring: cryolipolysis and ultrasound. |journal=Seminars in Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery |date=September 2015 |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=129–33 |doi=10.12788/j.sder.2015.0171 |pmid=26566568}}
4. ^{{cite journal |last1=De Souza |first1=MM |last2=Jewell |first2=AD |last3=Grief |first3=SN |last4=Vail |first4=BA |title=Plastic Surgery for Women. |journal=Primary Care |date=December 2018 |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=705–717 |doi=10.1016/j.pop.2018.07.008 |pmid=30401351}}
5. ^{{cite journal|last1=Dixit|first1=VV|last2=Wagh|first2=MS|title=Unfavourable outcomes of liposuction and their management.|journal=Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery|date=May 2013|volume=46|issue=2|pages=377–92|pmid=24501474|doi=10.4103/0970-0358.118617|pmc=3901919}}
6. ^{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s11695-015-1797-1 |pmid=26210190 |title=Short- and Long-Term Effects of Abdominal Lipectomy on Weight and Fat Mass in Females: A Systematic Review |journal=Obesity Surgery |volume=25 |issue=10 |pages=1950–8 |year=2015 |last1=Seretis |first1=Konstantinos |last2=Goulis |first2=Dimitrios G |last3=Koliakos |first3=Georgios |last4=Demiri |first4=Efterpi }}
7. ^{{cite journal|last1=Seretis|first1=K|last2=Goulis|first2=DG|last3=Koliakos|first3=G|last4=Demiri|first4=E|title=The effects of abdominal lipectomy in metabolic syndrome components and insulin sensitivity in females: A systematic review and meta-analysis.|journal=Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental|date=December 2015|volume=64|issue=12|pages=1640–9|pmid=26475176|doi=10.1016/j.metabol.2015.09.015}}
8. ^{{cite journal |last1=Khan |first1=MH |title=Update on liposuction: clinical pearls |journal=Cutis |date=November 2012 |volume=90 |issue=5 |pages=259–65 |pmid=23270199 }}
9. ^{{cite journal |last1=Tierney |first1=Emily P. |last2=Kouba |first2=David J. |last3=Hanke |first3=C. William |title=Safety of tumescent and laser-assisted liposuction: review of the literature |journal=Journal of Drugs in Dermatology |date=December 2011 |volume=10 |issue=12 |pages=1363–9 |pmid=22134559 |url=http://jddonline.com/articles/dermatology/S1545961611P1363X/1 }}
10. ^{{cite book|last1=Draelos|first1=Zoe|title=Cosmetic Dermatology: Products and Procedures|date=2011|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9781444359510|page=Chapter 56|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RQxk3aS_ntgC&pg=RA9-PT394}}
11. ^1 2 {{cite book|last1=Norton|first1=Jeffrey A.|title=Surgery Basic Science and Clinical Evidence|date=2012|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|location=Berlin, Heidelberg|isbn=9783642572821|page=2014|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p9MGCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA2014}}
12. ^{{Cite journal| doi = 10.2147/CCID.S69118| issn = 1178-7015| volume = 8| pages = 47–52| last = Fabi| first = Sabrina Guillen| title = Noninvasive skin tightening: focus on new ultrasound techniques| journal = Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology| date = 2015| pmid = 25709486| pmc=4327394 }}
13. ^{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1007/s00266-011-9700-5| issn = 1432-5241| volume = 35| issue = 5| pages = 901–912| last1 = Jewell| first1 = Mark L.| last2 = Solish| first2 = Nowell J.| last3 = Desilets| first3 = Charles S.| title = Noninvasive body sculpting technologies with an emphasis on high-intensity focused ultrasound| journal = Aesthetic Plastic Surgery| date = October 2011 | pmid = 21461627}}
14. ^{{Cite journal|url = |title = Use of transcutaneous ultrasound for lipolysis and skin tightening: a review.|date = Apr 2014|journal = Aesthetic Plast Surg.|accessdate = |doi = 10.1007/s00266-014-0286-6|pmid = 24567045 |volume=38 |issue = 2|pages=429–41|last1 = Sklar|first1 = Lindsay R.|last2 = El Tal|first2 = Abdel Kader|last3 = Kerwin|first3 = Leonard Y.}}
15. ^1 {{cite journal |last1=Fonseca |first1=BelchiolinaB |last2=Godoy |first2=FúlvioB |last3=Levenhagen |first3=MarceloA |last4=Melo |first4=RobertaT |last5=Franco |first5=MarianeA |last6=Beletti |first6=MarceloE |title=Structural changes of fat tissue after nonaspirative ultrasonic hydrolipoclasy |journal=Journal of Cutaneous and Aesthetic Surgery |date=2011 |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=105–10 |doi=10.4103/0974-2077.85025|pmid=21976901 |pmc=3183714 }}
16. ^{{Cite journal| issn = 1085-5629| volume = 32| issue = 1| pages = 35–40| last1 = Nestor| first1 = Mark S.| last2 = Newburger| first2 = Jessica| last3 = Zarraga| first3 = Matthew B.| title = Body contouring using 635-nm low level laser therapy| journal = Seminars in Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery| date = March 2013 | pmid = 24049928}}
17. ^{{Cite book| isbn = 978-0-323-32197-6| pages = 21|last1 = Orringer| first1 = Jeffrey| last2 = S Dover| first2 = Jeffrey|last3 = Alam| first3 = Murad|title = Body Shaping, Skin, Fat, Cellulite| date = 2015-04-20}}
18. ^1 2 {{cite journal|pmc=4444424|year=2015|author1=Ingargiola|first1=M. J|title=Cryolipolysis for Fat Reduction and Body Contouring: Safety and Efficacy of Current Treatment Paradigms|journal=Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery|volume=135|issue=6|pages=1581–1590|last2=Motakef|first2=S|last3=Chung|first3=M. T|last4=Vasconez|first4=H. C|last5=Sasaki|first5=G. H|doi=10.1097/PRS.0000000000001236|pmid=26017594}}
19. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite journal|pmid=26038367|year=2015|author1=Derrick|first1=C. D|title=The Safety and Efficacy of Cryolipolysis: A Systematic Review of Available Literature|journal=Aesthetic Surgery Journal|volume=35|issue=7|pages=830–6|last2=Shridharani|first2=S. M|last3=Broyles|first3=J. M|doi=10.1093/asj/sjv039}}
20. ^1 {{cite journal|pmc=4079633|year=2014|author1=Krueger|first1=N|title=Cryolipolysis for noninvasive body contouring: Clinical efficacy and patient satisfaction|journal=Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology|volume=7|pages=201–205|last2=Mai|first2=S. V|last3=Luebberding|first3=S|last4=Sadick|first4=N. S|doi=10.2147/CCID.S44371|pmid=25061326}}
21. ^1 {{cite journal |last1= Nelson |first1= AA |last2= Wasserman |first2= D |last3= Avram |first3= MM |title= Cryolipolysis for reduction of excess adipose tissue |journal= Seminars in Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery |pmid= 20123423 |year= 2009 |volume= 28 |issue= 4 |pages= 244–9 |doi= 10.1016/j.sder.2009.11.004}}
22. ^{{cite journal |last1= Avram |first1= MM |last2= Harry |first2= RS |title= Cryolipolysis for subcutaneous fat layer reduction |journal= Lasers in Surgery and Medicine |pmid= 20014262|year= 2009 |volume= 41 |issue= 10|pages= 703–8 |doi= 10.1002/lsm.20864}}
23. ^1 {{cite journal | last=Meyer | first=Patricia | last2=Silva | first2=Julio | last3=Vasconcellos | first3=Liliane | last4=Carreiro | first4=Eneida | last5=Valentim da Silva | first5=Rodrigo Marcel | title=Cryolipolysis: patient selection and special considerations | journal=Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology | volume=Volume 11 | date=16 October 2018 | issn=1178-7015 | pmid=30410379 | pmc=6199209 | doi=10.2147/ccid.s146258 | pages=499–503}}
24. ^1 2 {{cite journal |journal= Aesthetic Plastic Surgery |title= Clinical efficacy of noninvasive cryolipolysis and its effects on peripheral nerves |last1= Coleman |first1= SR |last2= Sachdeva |first2= K |last3= Egbert |first3= BM |last4= Preciado |first4= J |last5= Allison |first5= J |displayauthors= 4 |pmid= 19296153 |year= 2009 |volume= 33 |issue= 4 |pages= 482–8 |doi= 10.1007/s00266-008-9286-8}}
25. ^{{cite web|title=Can you freeze your fat away?|url=https://www.statnews.com/2015/12/24/freeze-fat-weight-loss/|accessdate=25 August 2016|date=24 December 2015}}
26. ^{{cite web|title=CoolSculpting is only cold-based treatment cleared by US FDA for fat loss|url=http://www.ibtimes.com.au/coolsculpting-only-cold-based-treatment-cleared-us-fda-fat-loss-1509445|accessdate=25 August 2016|date=21 March 2016}}
27. ^{{cite web|last1=Hilton|first1=Lisette|title=The Skinny on fat reduction, cellulite devices|url=http://dermatologytimes.modernmedicine.com/dermatology-times/news/skinny-fat-reduction-cellulite-devices|website=dermatologytimes.modernmedicine.com/|publisher=Dermatology Times|accessdate=3 January 2018}}
28. ^{{cite news |last1=Louis |first1=Catherine Saint |title=Zap or Chill? Targeting Fat Without Surgery |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/04/fashion/04SKIN.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=February 3, 2010 |language=en}}
29. ^{{Citation| title = Décret n° 2011-382 du 11 avril 2011 relatif à l'interdiction de la pratique d'actes de lyse adipocytaire à visée esthétique| url =http://legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000023845272#LEGIARTI000023846926| accessdate = 2015-01-08| date = 2011| website = legifrance.gouv.fr}}
30. ^{{citation |url=http://www.sante.gouv.fr/questions-reponses-sur-le-decret-d-interdiction-des-lipolyses.html | title= Questions / answers on the prohibition order of lipolyses |last= Touraine |first= Marisol | date=2012 |website= www.sante.gouv.fr }}

5 : Cooling technology|Management of obesity|Medical ultrasonography|Plastic surgery|Surgical removal procedures
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