词条 | 1890 United States Census | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
释义 |
| name = 1890 United States Census | logo = Seal of the United States Census Bureau.svg | logo_caption = Seal of the United States Census Bureau | image = 1890 U.S. Census form.jpg | image_caption = 1890 Census form | country = United States | date = {{start date|1890|06|02}} | population = 62,979,766 | percent_change = {{increase}} 25.5% | region_type = state | most_populous = | least_populous = | previous_census = 1880 United States Census | previous_year = 1880 | next_census = 1900 United States Census | next_year = 1900 }} The Eleventh United States Census was taken beginning June 2, 1890. It determined the resident population of the United States to be 62,979,766—an increase of 25.5 percent over the 50,189,209 persons enumerated during the 1880 census. The data was tabulated by machine for the first time. The data reported that the distribution of the population had resulted in the disappearance of the American frontier. Most of the 1890 census materials were destroyed in a 1921 fire and fragments of the US census population schedule exist only for the states of Alabama, Georgia, Illinois, Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, South Dakota, and Texas, and the District of Columbia. This was the first census in which a majority of states recorded populations of over one million, as well as the first in which multiple cities – New York as of 1880, Chicago, and Philadelphia – recorded populations of over one million. The census also saw Chicago rank as the nation's second-most populous city, a position it would hold until 1990, in which Los Angeles (currently 57th) would supplant it. Census questionsThe 1890 census collected the following information:[1] {{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
}} MethodologyThe 1890 census was the first to be compiled using methods invented by Herman Hollerith and was overseen by Superintendents Robert P. Porter (1889–1893) and Carroll D. Wright (1893–1897). Data was entered on a machine readable medium, punched cards, and tabulated by machine.[2] The net effect of the many changes from the 1880 census: the larger population, the number of data items to be collected, the Census Bureau headcount, the volume of scheduled publications, and the use of Hollerith's electromechanical tabulators, was to reduce the time required to process the census from eight years for the 1880 census to six years for the 1890 census.[3] The total population of 62,947,714, the family, or rough, count, was announced after only six weeks of processing (punched cards were not used for this tabulation).[4][5] The public reaction to this tabulation was disbelief, as it was widely believed that the "right answer" was at least 75,000,000.[6] Significant findingsThe United States census of 1890 showed a total of 248,253 Native Americans living in the United States, down from 400,764 Native Americans identified in the census of 1850.[7] The 1890 census announced that the frontier region of the United States no longer existed,[8] and that the Census Bureau would no longer track the westward migration of the U.S. population. Up to and including the 1880 census, the country had a frontier of settlement. By 1890, isolated bodies of settlement had broken into the unsettled area to the extent that there was hardly a frontier line. This prompted Frederick Jackson Turner to develop his Frontier Thesis.[9] Data availabilityThe original data for the 1890 Census is no longer available. Almost all the population schedules were damaged in a fire in the basement of the Commerce Building in Washington, D.C. in 1921. Some 25% of the materials were presumed destroyed and another 50% damaged by smoke and water (although the actual damage may have been closer to 15–25%). The damage to the records led to an outcry for a permanent National Archives.[10][11] In December 1932, following standard federal record-keeping procedures, the Chief Clerk of the Bureau of the Census sent the Librarian of Congress a list of papers to be destroyed, including the original 1890 census schedules. The Librarian was asked by the Bureau to identify any records which should be retained for historical purposes, but the Librarian did not accept the census records. Congress authorized destruction of that list of records on February 21, 1933, and the surviving original 1890 census records were destroyed by government order by 1934 or 1935. The other censuses for which some information has been lost are the 1800 and 1810 enumerations.{{Citation needed|date=November 2007}} Few sets of microdata from the 1890 census survive,[12] but aggregate data for small areas, together with compatible cartographic boundary files, can be downloaded from the National Historical Geographic Information System. State rankings
City rankings
References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://purl.org/net/nysl/nysdocs/9643270 |title=Library Bibliography Bulletin 88, New York State Census Records, 1790-1925 |pages=44 (p. 50 of PDF) |publisher=New York State Library |accessdate=December 15, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090130004637/http://purl.org/net/nysl/nysdocs/9643270 |archivedate=January 30, 2009 |deadurl=no |date=October 1981 |df= }} 2. ^{{cite book |last = Truesdell |first = Leon E. | title = The Development of Punch Card Tabulation in the Bureau of the Census: 1890-1940 | publisher = US GPO | year = 1965}} 3. ^{{cite book |title=Report of the Commissioner of Labor In Charge of The Eleventh Census to the Secretary of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1895 |url=http://hdl.handle.net/2027/osu.32435067619882 |location=Washington, DC |publisher=United States Government Publishing Office |date=July 29, 1895 |accessdate=November 13, 2015 |oclc=867910652}} Page 9: "You may confidently look for the rapid reduction of the force of this office after the 1st of October, and the entire cessation of clerical work during the present calendar year. ... The condition of the work of the Census Division and the condition of the final reports show clearly that the work of the Eleventh Census will be completed at least two years earlier than was the work of the Tenth Census." — Carroll D. Wright, Commissioner of Labor in Charge 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www2.census.gov/prod2/statcomp/documents/1991-02.pdf |format=PDF |title=Population and Area (Historical Censuses) |publisher=United States Census Bureau |accessdate=June 20, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624185938/http://www2.census.gov/prod2/statcomp/documents/1991-02.pdf |archivedate=June 24, 2008 |deadurl=no |df= }} 5. ^Truesdell, Leon E. (1965) The Development of Punch Card Tabulation in the Bureau of the Census 1890-1940, US GPO, p.61 6. ^{{cite book |last=Austrian |first=Geoffrey D. |year=1982 |title=Herman Hollerith: Forgotten Giant of Information Processing |location=New York |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=0-231-05146-8 |pages=85–86 }} 7. ^{{cite book |last=Dippie |first=Brian W. |title=The Vanishing American: White Attitudes and U.S. Indian Policy |location=Middleton, CT |publisher=Wesleyan University Press |year=1982 |page=?? |isbn=0-8195-5056-6 }} The data yielded by this census provided strong evidence that the United States' policies towards Native Americans had had a significant impact on the enumeration of the census in the second half of the 19th century. US domestic policy combined with wars, genocide, famine, disease, a declining birthrate, and exogamy (with the children of biracial families declaring themselves to be white rather than Indian) accounted for the decrease in the enumeration of the census. {{cite book |last=Chalk |first=Frank |first2=Kurt |last2=Jonassohn |title=The History and Sociology of Genocide: Analyses and Case Studies |location=New Haven |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1990 |pages= |isbn=0-300-04446-1 }} 8. ^{{cite book |last1 = Porter |first1 = Robert |last2 = Gannett |first2 = Henry |last3 = Hunt |first3 = William | title="Progress of the Nation", in "Report on Population of the United States at the Eleventh Census: 1890, Part 1" | pages = xviii-xxxiv | publisher = Bureau of the Census | year = 1895}} 9. ^{{cite book |last=Turner |first=Frederick Jackson |title=The Early Writings of Frederick Jackson Turner Compiled by Everett E. Edwards |location=Freeport, NY |publisher=Books for Libraries Press |year=1969 |pages= }} 10. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/1996/spring/1890-census-1.html |title=First in the Path of the Firemen: The Fate of the 1890 Population Census, Part 1 |first=Kellee |last=Blake |date=Spring 1996 |volume=28 |issue=1 |journal=Prologue Magazine |location=Washington, DC |publisher=National Archives and Records Administration |issn=0033-1031 |oclc=321015582 |accessdate=April 13, 2013}} 11. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/1996/spring/1890-census-3.html |title=First in the Path of the Firemen: The Fate of the 1890 Population Census, Part 3 |first=Kellee |last=Blake |date=Spring 1996 |volume=28 |issue=1 |journal=Prologue Magazine |location=Washington, DC |publisher=National Archives and Records Administration |issn=0033-1031 |oclc=321015582 |accessdate=April 13, 2013}} 12. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/history/www/genealogy/decennial_census_records/availability_of_1890_census.html|title=Availability of 1890 Census - History - U.S. Census Bureau|last=US Census Bureau, Census History Staff|first=|date=|website=www.census.gov|language=EN-US|access-date=2017-03-28}} 13. ^The District of Columbia is not a state but was created with the passage of the Residence Act of 1790. 14. ^{{citation |title=Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States: 1790 to 1990 |year=1998 |url=https://www.census.gov/library/working-papers/1998/demo/POP-twps0027.html |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau }} 15. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/econ/census/help/geography/regions_and_divisions.html |title=Regions and Divisions |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |accessdate=September 9, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203020637/http://www.census.gov/econ/census/help/geography/regions_and_divisions.html |archive-date=December 3, 2016 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }} External links
3 : 1890 in the United States|United States Census|1890 censuses |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识,基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识,是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。