| 词条 | Federal Coal Commission |
| 释义 |
| name = Federal Coal Commission | native_name = | native_name_a = | native_name_r = | type = | seal = | seal_width = | seal_caption = | logo = | logo_width = | logo_caption = | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | formed = September 1922 | preceding1 = | preceding2 = | dissolved = | superseding1 = | superseding2 = | jurisdiction = Federal government of the United States | headquarters = Washington, DC | coordinates = | motto = | employees = | budget = | minister1_name = | minister1_pfo = | minister2_name = | minister2_pfo = | deputyminister1_name = | deputyminister1_pfo = | deputyminister2_name = | deputyminister2_pfo = | chief1_name = Thomas R. Marshall | chief1_position = | chief2_name = | chief2_position = | public_protector = | deputy = | parent_department = | parent_agency = | child1_agency = | child2_agency = | keydocument1 = | website = | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | footnotes = | embed = }} The Federal Coal Commission was an agency of the Federal government of the United States of America, enacted by the U.S. Congress in September 1922 and headed by former U.S. Vice President Thomas R. Marshall.[1] HistoryBackgroundOn April 1, 1922, the United Mine Workers (UMW) began a nationwide coal strike. By mid-May 1922, the United States faced a "serious coal shortage." Only mines without unions remained open; prices rose, as did hoarding. On June 8, 1922, Warren G. Harding announced that voluntary pricing was relieving the situation. UMW president John L. Lewis complained for miners about cheating by non-union operators; operators and industry (e.g., the National Coal Association, National Retail Coal Merchants Association) complained about prices. On June 21–22, 1922, the Herrin massacre occurred in Herrin, Illinois: three union miners were shot and killed on June 21 and twenty strikebreakers and mine guards were killed next day. On July 1, 1922, Harding called for labor negotiations to start, led by U.S. Secretary of Labor James J. Davis and U.S. Secretary of Commerce (and future U.S. president) Herbert Hoover. On July 18, 1922, the U.S. Geological Survey issued a report stating that non-union mining operations could not maintain sufficient supply of coal nationally. Hoover then formulated a plan to create regional committees, supported by railroad and ICC executives to keep coal supplied to critical users: his plan became the Coal Distribution Committee, with representatives from the departments of Commerce, Interior, and Justice, plus the ICC, and headed by Henry C. Spencer. By August, with no resolution, miners and operators were ready to talk.[2] In August 1922, nearly a fifth of soft coal miners and operators met in Cleveland, Ohio. They agreed to extend their pre-strike contract on soft coal to April 1, 1923. They pressured the anthracite coal industry to extend their contract to August 31, 1923. They also endorsed a presidential commission. On August 22, 1923, President Harding announced his intention to form a Federal coal commission, as well as his opposition to allow miners and mine operators become commission members.[2][3] Formation
ActivitiesThe commission commenced an industry report in late 1922.[5][6] The commission engaged Dr. Jerome Davis, then a Dartmouth College professor, to investigate labor situation in West Virginia coal mines; man of their findings appeared in their report.[7] On February 2, 1923, Chicago-based Federal Judge Samuel Alschuler quit the commission.[8] On July 5, 1923, the Commission completed its report on anthracite coal.[9][10][11] The "verbose and inconclusive" report did not avert an anthracite coal strike by September 8, 1923. On September 17, 1923, Gifford Pinchot, governor of Pennsylvania, brokered a settlement, which embarrassed Secretary Hoover (as they were political rivals).[2][4][12] (Harding died in office on August 2, 1923; Calvin Coolidge succeeded.[13]) Despite the intervention of the Federal Coal Commission, "in the ensuring years, the position of the coal miner continued to deteriorate, as did the industry."[4] Works
PeopleCommission heads{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
Members
See also{{Portal|Government of the United States}}
References1. ^{{cite web| title = Thomas R. Marshall| publisher = NNDB| url = http://www.nndb.com/people/264/000093982/| place = | date = | accessdate = 18 July 2017}} 2. ^1 2 3 {{cite book| first = K. | last = Clements| title = The Life of Herbert Hoover: Imperfect Visionary, 1918–1928| publisher = Springer| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=NZHGAAAAQBAJ| pages = 213–216 (strike), 250–251, 344| date = 2010| accessdate = 18 July 2017}} 3. ^{{cite news| title = Protect Public: Harding's Policy for Coal Board Favors Nonpartisan| publisher = Chicago Tribune| url = http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1922/08/23/page/5/article/protect-public-hardings-policy-for-coal-board#text| date = 22 August 1923| accessdate = 18 July 2017}} 4. ^1 2 3 {{cite book| first = Gordon J. | last = Goldberg| title = Meyer London: A Biography of the Socialist New York Congressman, 1871–1926| publisher = McFarland | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=NZHGAAAAQBAJ| pages = 250, 251, 252 (passage), 253 (report, deterioration)| date = 2013| accessdate = 19 July 2017}} 5. ^{{cite journal| title = Federal Coal Commission Assembles Data Already at Hand: New Wage Statistics Wanted Later| publisher = Coal Review| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=aP1EAQAAMAAJ| pages = 2| date = 1 November 1922| accessdate = 18 July 2017}} 6. ^{{cite journal| title = How the Coal Trade Is Organized in Germany| publisher = Coal Age| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=UcsfAQAAMAAJ| pages = 988| date = 21 December 1922| accessdate = 18 July 2017}} 7. ^{{cite web| title = Davis, Jerome| publisher = FDR Library at Marist University| url = https://fdrlibrary.org/documents/356632/390886/findingaid_davis_jerome.pdf/d0d4b6dd-6e43-4263-8167-789da6b972dc| date = | accessdate = 16 July 2017}} 8. ^{{cite news| title = Huge. Distillery with Tuinel Feature Discovered on Police Raid--Explorer Cook Arrested| publisher = Chicago Tribune| url = http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1923/02/02/page/38/article/huge-distillery-with-tunnel-feature-discovered-on-police-raid-explorer-cook-arrested#text| pages = | date = 2 February 1923| accessdate = 18 July 2017}} 9. ^{{cite web| title = Labor Sunday message, 1923, of the Commission on the Church and Social Service and a review of the year, 1922-1923| publisher = Federal Council of the Churches of Christ in America| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=VwdTAAAAYAAJ| pages = 23| date = 1923| accessdate = 18 July 2017}} 10. ^{{cite web| title = Plan Action in Event of Coal Strike: Coal Commission Has Completed Report of Industry| publisher = Madera Tribune| url = https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=MT19230709.2.21| place =| date = August 1923| accessdate = 18 July 2017}} 11. ^{{cite web| title = Federal Coal Commission's Report on Anthracite| publisher = Mining and Metallurgy| url = http://library.aimehq.org/library/books/Mining%20and%20Metallurgy%20%E2%80%93%201923/Mining%20and%20Metallurgy%20%E2%80%93%201923%20-%20062.pdf| place =| date = August 1923| accessdate = 18 July 2017}} 12. ^{{cite journal| first = Harold K. | last = Kanarek| title = The Pennsylvania Anthracite Strike of 1922| publisher = The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography| jstor = 20090945| pages = 207–225| date = April 1975}} 13. ^1 {{cite book| first = Thomas| last = Dublin| title = The Face of Decline: The Pennsylvania Anthracite Region in the Twentieth Century| publisher = Cornell University Press| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pp49DQAAQBAJ| pages = 55| date = 2016| accessdate = 18 July 2017}} 14. ^{{cite web| title = John Brophy: An inventory of the Papers of John Brophy at The American Catholic History Research Center and University Archives| publisher = Catholic University of America| url = http://archives.lib.cua.edu/findingaid/brophy.cfm| place =| date = 2005| accessdate = 18 July 2017}} 15. ^{{cite book| first = Jan | last = Onofrio| title = Iowa Biographical Dictionary| publisher = Somerset Publishers| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=RdjsvD_4crIC| pages = 222-XXX| date= 2000| accessdate= 21 October 2018}} 16. ^{{cite web| first = Jonathan | last = Grossman| title = The Coal Strike of 1902 – Turning Point in U.S. Policy| publisher = US Department of Labor| url = https://www.dol.gov/oasam/programs/history/coalstrike.htm| date = | accessdate = 18 July 2017}} 17. ^1 {{cite web| title = The Anthracite Strike of 1922| publisher = The Anthracite Bureau of Information| url = https://archive.org/details/anthracitestri00anth| place = Philadelphia| date = | accessdate = 18 July 2017}} 18. ^{{cite web| title = Report, findings, and award of the United States Anthracite coal commission| publisher = US GPO| url = https://www.loc.gov/item/20026709/| date = 1920| accessdate = 18 July 2017}} 19. ^{{cite web| title = Report, Findings, and Award of the United States Anthracite Coal Commission| publisher = US GPO| url = https://www.loc.gov/item/20026709/| date = 1920| accessdate = 18 July 2017}} 20. ^{{cite web| title = United States. Anthracite Coal Commission| publisher = University of Pennsylvania| url = http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/lookupname?key=United%20States.%20Anthracite%20Coal%20Commission| date = | accessdate = 18 July 2017}} External sources
| first = Walter T. | last = Howard | title = Forgotten Radicals: Communists in the Pennsylvania Anthracite, 1919-1950 | publisher = University Press of America | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=MLJvCBIqPi4C | pages = 20 | date = 2005 | accessdate = 18 July 2017}}
| title = Create Federal Coal Commission | publisher = Brick and Clay Record | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=P48_AQAAMAAJ | pages = 468–469 | date = 1922 | accessdate = 18 July 2017}}
| title = Labor Costs | publisher = Amalgamated Sheet Metal Workers' Journal | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hz4oAAAAYAAJ | pages = 36 | date = 1922 | accessdate = 18 July 2017}} 2 : Government agencies established in 1922|1922 establishments in the United States |
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