| 词条 | 1912 United States cold wave |
| 释义 |
The 1912 United States cold wave was one of the coldest periods since 1870 in the northern United States, according to the U.S. National Weather Service. The cold wave started in November 1911 and finally ended in March 1912, with periodic interruptions by milder temperatures. November 1911–January 1912The cold wave began in November 1911 when the Great Blue Norther dropped temperatures abruptly. It was the coldest November on record in the contiguous U.S., with an average temperature of {{convert|37.27|°F|2}},[1] while December was relatively mild.[2] January 1912 was the seventh-coldest January on record in the contiguous U.S.[3] The states of Michigan,[4] Wisconsin,[5] and Minnesota[6] had their coldest Januaries on record. Minneapolis/Saint Paul endured a record-setting 186 consecutive hours of below {{convert|0|°F|2}} temperatures, from 8 pm on December 31 until 1 pm on January 8. After only four hours above 0 °F, the temperature again dropped below zero, this time for 121 consecutive hours, until 10 am on January 13.[7] Sioux Falls, South Dakota dropped to {{convert|-38|°F|1}} on January 12, which is the city's second-lowest temperature during its 1893 through 2017 period of record.[8] After originating in the Arctic, this very cold air mass moved south. When it reached the northern U.S., much of the area experienced dangerous wind chills. The cold wave reportedly killed 47 Americans during its first two weeks.[9] The cold was so severe that Niagara Falls froze over completely at one point, forming an ice bridge. February–March 1912February 1912 was less extreme. It was the 23rd-coldest February on record for the contiguous U.S.[10] March 1912 was the second-coldest March on record for the contiguous U.S.,[11] with widespread heavy snowfalls.{{fact|date=January 2018}} Williston, North Dakota had its coldest March on record from 1895 through 2017.[12] 1912 climateIn the contiguous U.S., the average daily maximum temperature for 1912 was {{convert|61.97|°F|2}}, which is the lowest ever recorded from 1895 through 2017.[13] The year's average daily temperature for the contiguous U.S. was {{convert|50.23|°F|2}}, which is the second-lowest ever recorded during those years and slightly milder than 1917's {{convert|50.06|°F|2}}.[14] AftermathThe United States Department of Agriculture reported that a freeze in late-December caused $6 million in damages (${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|6|1912}}}} million today) to the California citrus industry. The department also claimed that its frost warnings prevented an additional $14 million in damages (${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|14|1912}}}} million today).[15] These cold waves led to the first use of electric heaters and special sheds to protect against frosts and freezes.[16] References1. ^{{cite web | url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/temp-and-precip/climatological-rankings/11000/tavg/191111?periods[]=1 | title=Contiguous U.S. Average Temperature Rankings, November 1911 | publisher=National Centers for Environmental Information | accessdate=January 27, 2018}} 2. ^{{cite web | url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/temp-and-precip/climatological-rankings/11000/tavg/191112?periods[]=1 | title=Contiguous U.S. Average Temperature Rankings, December 1911 | publisher=National Centers for Environmental Information | accessdate=January 27, 2018}} 3. ^{{cite web | url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/temp-and-precip/climatological-rankings/11000/tavg/191201?periods[]=1 | title=Contiguous U.S. Average Temperature Rankings, January 1912 | publisher=National Centers for Environmental Information | accessdate=January 30, 2018}} 4. ^{{cite web | url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/temp-and-precip/climatological-rankings/02000/tavg/191201?periods[]=1 | title=Michigan Average Temperature Rankings, December 1911 | publisher=National Centers for Environmental Information | accessdate=January 27, 2018}} 5. ^{{cite web | url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/temp-and-precip/climatological-rankings/04700/tavg/191201?periods[]=1 | title=Wisconsin Average Temperature Rankings, December 1911 | publisher=National Centers for Environmental Information | accessdate=January 27, 2018}} 6. ^{{cite web | url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/temp-and-precip/climatological-rankings/02100/tavg/191201?periods[]=1 | title=Minnesota Average Temperature Rankings, December 1911 | publisher=National Centers for Environmental Information | accessdate=January 27, 2018}} 7. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/climate/journal/zero_and_below_streaks.html | title=Extended Periods of Below Zero in the Twin Cities | publisher=Minnesota Department of Natural Resources | date=December 27, 2017 | accessdate=January 30, 2018}} 8. ^{{cite web | url=http://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=fsd | title=NOAA Online Weather: Lowest Min Temperature by Day for Sioux Falls Area, SD | publisher=National Weather Service Forecast Office, Sioux Falls, SD | accessdate=January 30, 2018}} 9. ^{{cite news | url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article10197800 | title=COLD WAVE IN AMERICA | newspaper=The Mercury | location=Hobart, Tasmania, Australia | date=January 10, 1912 | page=5 | accessdate=January 28, 2018 | via=National Library of Australia}} 10. ^{{cite web | url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/temp-and-precip/climatological-rankings/11000/tavg/191202?periods[]=1 | title=Contiguous U.S. Average Temperature Rankings, February 1912 | publisher=National Centers for Environmental Information | accessdate=January 30, 2018}} 11. ^{{cite web | url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cag/time-series/us/110/0/tavg/1/3/1895-2017?base_prd=true&firstbaseyear=1895&lastbaseyear=2000 | title=Contiguous U.S., Average Temperature, March | publisher=National Centers for Environmental Information | accessdate=January 28, 2018}} 12. ^{{cite web | url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cag/time-series/us/32/USW00094014/tavg/1/3/1895-2017?base_prd=true&firstbaseyear=1895&lastbaseyear=2000 | title=Williston, North Dakota, Average Temperature, March | publisher=National Centers for Environmental Information | accessdate=January 28, 2018}} 13. ^{{cite web | url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cag/time-series/us/110/0/tmax/12/12/1895-2017?base_prd=true&firstbaseyear=1901&lastbaseyear=2000 | title=Contiguous U.S., Maximum Temperature, January—December | publisher=National Centers for Environmental Information | accessdate=January 28, 2018}} 14. ^{{cite web | url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cag/time-series/us/110/0/tavg/12/12/1895-2017?base_prd=true&firstbaseyear=1895&lastbaseyear=2000 | title=Contiguous U.S., Average Temperature, January—December | publisher=National Centers for Environmental Information | accessdate=January 28, 2018}} 15. ^{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xWvbli-hikoC&pg=PA37 | accessdate=January 27, 2018 | title=Yearbook of the United States Department of Agriculture, 1912 | publisher=United States Department of Agriculture | year=1913 | page=37}} 16. ^{{cite web | title=Culture of Citrus Groves in Gulf States | series=Farmers’ Bulletin | publisher=United States Department of Agriculture | date=April 1913 | page=12}} External links
3 : 1912 meteorology|1912 natural disasters in the United States|Cold waves in the United States |
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