“1997 Pacific hurricane season”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The 1997 Pacific hurricane season was a very active hurricane season. With hundreds of deaths and hundreds of millions of dollars in damage, this season was one of the costliest and deadliest Pacific hurricane seasons. This was due to the exceptionally strong 1997–98 El Niño event. The 1997 Pacific hurricane season officially started on May 15, 1997, in the eastern Pacific, and on June 1, 1997, in the central Pacific, and lasted until November 30, 1997. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when almost all tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean.

Several storms impacted land. The first was Tropical Storm Andres which killed four people and left another two missing. In August, Tropical Storm Ignacio took an unusual path, and its extratropical remnants caused minor damage in the Pacific Northwest and California. Linda became the most intense east Pacific hurricane in recorded history, a record it maintained until it was surpassed by Hurricane Patricia in 2015. Although it never made landfall, it produced large surf in Southern California and as a result five people had to be rescued. Hurricane Nora caused flooding and damage in the Southwestern United States, while Olaf made two landfalls and caused eighteen deaths and several other people were reported missing. Hurricane Pauline killed several hundred people and caused record damage in southeastern Mexico. In addition, Super Typhoons Oliwa and Paka originated in the region before crossing the International Date Line and causing significant damage in the western Pacific. There were also two Category 5 hurricanes: Linda and Guillermo.

Activity in the season was above average. The season produced 17 named storms, which was a little above normal. The average number of named storms per year is 15. The 1997 season also had 9 hurricanes, compared to the average of 8. There were also 7 major hurricanes compared to the average of 4.^[1]

Season summary

The 1997 Pacific hurricane season officially started on May 15, 1997, in the eastern Pacific, and on June 1, 1997, in the central Pacific, and lasted until November 30, 1997. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean.^[2] This season exceeded these boundaries appreciably, as Tropical Storm Paka formed December 2, and dissipated nineteen days later after crossing the International Dateline and then moved into the Western Pacific.^[3]

The 1997 Pacific hurricane season was fairly active, due to the strong El Niño that was occurring at the time. El Niño causes wind shear to be reduced and water temperatures to increase, resulting in conditions more conductive for tropical cyclones in the East Pacific. There were 24 cyclones in total, including five unnamed tropical depressions. Of these, 19 were in the east Pacific (east of 140°W). Of these, eight peaked at tropical storm intensity, while ten reached hurricane status. Seven of these reached Category 3 intensity or higher on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane scale, including central Pacific cyclones Super Typhoons Oliwa and Paka, which became typhoons after crossing into the western Pacific. The first hurricane of the year was Hurricane Dolores, and the first major hurricane was Hurricane Enrique. Most months during the year had several storms,^[3] but no records were set for storms in any particular month.

Activity in the central Pacific was also above average. Two tropical storms formed, as did several tropical depressions. A number of storms moved in from the east. With a total of nine tropical cyclones entering or forming there, this was the fourth highest number since satellite observations began.^[4] The first storm formed on June 1. The last storm dissipated December 21, which gives this season the latest known end. However, if December 6, the date the last storm crossed the dateline is taken to be the end, this season has the second latest end, behind the 1983 season and tied with the 1957 season.^[3]

The National Hurricane Center uses Accumulated Cyclone Energy (ACE) to rank hurricane seasons as above-normal, near-normal, and below-normal.^[5] This season has a total of 17 tropical storms, 9 hurricanes, and 7 major hurricanes. The total ACE of this season is 160*10⁴ kt² in the east Pacific proper. This qualifies this season as above-normal.^[6]

Systems

Tropical Storm Andres

Andres originated from a disturbance that slowly organized and formed into Tropical Depression One-E on June 1. The next day, it reached tropical storm status as a second circulation formed north-northwest of the initial circulation. However, the former circulation became dominant, and Andres intensified slightly. After a brief period of a normal track to the northwest, Andres was picked up by westerly winds and became the first named storm to threaten Central America. Initially forecast to cross the isthmus and enter the Caribbean Sea, Andres instead turned to the southeast and paralleled the coast. This was the first time since record-keeping began that any East Pacific storm had taken such a path. Andres then turned back to the northeast. It weakened to a depression and made landfall near San Salvador on June 7 and dissipated shortly thereafter.^[7]

Among the casualties were two fishers who were reported missing. Andres caused power outages, flooding rivers, several car crashes, and damage to roughly ten homes.^[7] The highest rainfall report from Mexico was {{convert|11.42|in|mm}} at Mazatan.^[8] Damage was noted in parts of Nicaragua.^[7] Andres also killed four people in Usulután, El Salvador due to heavy flooding.^[9]

Tropical Storm Blanca

}}Tropical Depression Two-E formed from a broad area of low pressure on June 9. Six hours later the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Blanca. This system developed a good outflow, and reached its peak intensity with winds of 45 mph (75 km/h). However, its circulation was not well-defined and a weakening trend began, and Blanca was downgraded to a depression on June 12. It lost its closed circulation shortly thereafter and was thus declared dissipated.^[14]

Blanca briefly threatened land on June 10 as warnings and watches were established by the Mexican Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. Shortly thereafter, a ridge of high pressure turned Blanca away from the coast.^[10] As Blanca moved just south of the Mexican coast, it dropped a total of {{convert|5.77|in|mm}} of rainfall at Fincha Chayabe/Maragaritas.^[11] There were no major damage or casualties as Blanca's impact was generally minimal.^[10]

Tropical Depression Three-E

Tropical Depression Three-E formed June 21. Moving rapidly westward, it never strengthened and the winds of the depression soon decreased. It dissipated early on June 24.^[12] The depression never impacted land.{{clear}}

Tropical Storm Carlos

On June 22, showers increased associated with a tropical wave several hundred miles away from land. Three days later, deep convection became more concentrated, and the system became a tropical depression. It intensified into Tropical Storm Carlos as banding features increased and the outflow became better defined. As it moved west, convection diminished as Carlos moved into cooler water. Shortly thereafter, increased wind shear took its toll on Carlos as the low-level center became exposed from the deep convection. Carlos weakened into a depression early on June 27, and dissipated June 28. However, a swirl of clouds remained for a couple of days. Except for Socorro Island, which the system passed close to, Carlos never threatened land. No indications of casualties or damage were reported.^[13]

Tropical Depression Five-E

On the afternoon of June 29, Tropical Depression Five-E formed. It erratically moved westward. On July 1, the depression weakened slightly, but quickly reintensified. It dissipated on July 4, without even threatening land.^[14]

Hurricane Dolores

In early July, shower activity increased in association with an area of disturbed weather. With surface pressures lower than normal for a tropical disturbance, deep convection increased further and Tropical Depression Six-E formed late on July 5 and reaching tropical storm status the following day and was named Dolores. Despite moderate wind shear, very cold cloud tops formed as the winds increased to {{convert|50|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}, a moderate tropical storm. Moving westward, Dolores strengthened into the first hurricane of the season on July 7 as a ragged eye formed.^[15]

Dolores continued to intensify and it reached a peak windspeed of {{convert|90|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}, a strong Category 1 hurricane, two days later. Meanwhile, Dolores became the first hurricane in over two years to cross longitude 125°W. Shortly thereafter, the hurricane started losing strength as it moved over cooler waters. The eye dissipated from satellite imagery while the associated thunderstorm activity became sheared. Dolores weakened back into a tropical storm on July 10 and a tropical depression the next day. The cyclone then crossed into the Central Pacific Hurricane Center's area of responsibility (west of longitude 140°W) while producing minimal shower activity. It dissipated on July 12. The hurricane was not a threat to any land.^[15]

Hurricane Enrique

The first major hurricane of the season originated from a broad area of low pressure on July 8 near the Gulf of Tehuantepec. The thunderstorms gradually became more concentrated and a tropical depression formed on July 12. It strengthened into a tropical storm twelve hours later, and then began to rapidly intensify as convection increased further near the center. It became a hurricane on July 13. Enrique continued to steadily intensify and became a Category 2 hurricane on July 14. The next day, Enrique reached its peak intensity of {{convert|115|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} and peak pressure 960 mbar (hPa) on July 14. Shortly thereafter, the hurricane outflow became asymmetrical and it began to weaken over cool waters. It weakened fairly quickly and was downgraded into a Category 2 hurricane on July 15. It then lost hurricane intensity later that day. On July 16 the winds had decreased further to {{convert|50|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}. Enrique weakened into a depression the next day, and degenerated into a swirl of clouds shortly thereafter. The system never threatened land.^[16]

Hurricane Felicia

A large area of disturbed weather formed on July 13. It then organized into a depression south of Manzanillo, Colima, on July 14. Intensification was delayed by wind shear due to its proximity to Enrique for about two days. However, it became a tropical storm late July 15 as it moved west-northwestward. Continuing to intensify, an eye formed. Based on this, Felicia was upgraded into a hurricane on July 17. Its development was again halted by increased wind shear, and as such it leveled off in intensity. After the shear decreased, Felicia began to intensify and the hurricane's winds reached {{convert|135|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} and its pressure fell to 948 mbar (hPa), making it a moderate low-end Category 4 hurricane. Shear increased for the third time, and then moved into cooler waters. It began to weaken as it moved west-northwest. On July 20, it lost major hurricane intensity. Shortly before being downgraded to a tropical storm, it crossed 140°W. A strong wind shear took toll on Felicia and it was downgraded into a tropical depression July 22. No damage or deaths were reported in wake of the hurricane.^[17]

Tropical Depression One-C

Tropical Depression One-C formed on July 26 from a disturbance that had been showing signs of organization for the past three days. It moved west to southwest through an unfavorable environment. On the morning of July 27, it dissipated due to strong wind shear caused by an upper-level trough. The system never impacted land, thus no damage was reported.^[4]

Hurricane Guillermo

A tropical wave emerged into the Pacific Ocean on July 27. It organized into a depression July 30 and was named Tropical Storm Guillermo the next day. It quickly intensified, reaching hurricane status on August 1. Guillermo became a major hurricane August 2. It reached Category 4 intensity on August 3. Continuing to rapidly intensify, Guillermo attained Category 5 strength August 4. The tropical cyclone peak intensity was 919 mbar (hPa) and {{convert|160|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}.^[18]

Guillermo then weakened slowly, becoming a tropical storm August 8. It crossed 140°W and entered the Central Pacific. It weakened to a depression late August 10, but restrengthened back into a storm 24 hours later when it encountered a small area of warmer water. It weakened to a depression for the second and final time August 15 and became an extratropical cyclone early the next day. The storm's remnants recurved over the far northern Pacific. They were tracked to a point {{convert|500|nmi|km}} west of Vancouver Island. The remnants persisted for a few more days and drifted south before being absorbed by a mid-latitude cyclone August 24 off the coast of California.^[18]

Tropical Storm Hilda

A tropical wave that had showed signs of development emerged into the East Pacific and organized into Tropical Depression Ten-E on August 10. Despite some wind shear, the depression managed to become a tropical storm late on August 11. Hilda reached its peak intensity as a moderate 50 mph (85 km/h) tropical storm the next day. After maintaining its peak intensity for 24 hours, it gradually weakened due to increasing wind shear On August 14, shear weakened Hilda to a depression and the cyclone dissipated early the next morning. Hilda was no threat to land and caused no known damage or deaths.^[19]

Tropical Storm Ignacio

Tropical Storm Ignacio formed first as a depression in an area of disturbed weather on August 17. Twelve hours later, it organized into a tropical storm. Its location of tropical cyclone formation was further north and west of where most East Pacific tropical cyclones develop.^[20] Steering currents pulled Ignacio north, where it encountered wind shear and cooler waters. Ignacio never intensified beyond 40 mph (65 km/h) and then was downgraded into a depression on August 18. It last transitioned into an extratropical cyclone 24 hours later. It was then absorbed by a cyclone associated with the remnants of Hurricane Guillermo.^[20]

Ignacio's remnants moved north, bringing gusty winds to California coastal waters before dissipating.^[21] Severe flooding was recorded along Highway 97 with a debris flow estimated at {{convert|0.5|mi|km|abbr=on}} and {{convert|7|ft|m|abbr=on}} deep.^[22] They caused rainfall as far north as the U.S. state of Washington.{{US States Tropical Cyclone Point Maxima}} Thunderstorms caused power outages in central California.^[20]

Hurricane Jimena

During the third week of August, a tropical disturbance formed far from land. Although the system was located over warmer than average sea surface temperatures, the upper-level environment was initially unfavorable. However the environment gradually became more conducive for tropical cyclone formation and Tropical Depression Twelve-E formed August 25 from an area of disturbed weather in a rather easterly location. It became a tropical storm the next day and a hurricane on August 27. Intensification was rapid, with winds increasing from {{convert|75|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} to {{convert|115|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} in just 6 hours. Continuing to rapidly intensify, it reached its peak intensity as a low-end category 4 hurricane.^[23] After maintaining peak intensity for 30 hours, it moved north-northwest and encountered increasing wind shear which reduced its winds from {{convert|115|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} to {{convert|35|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} in just 24 hours. Jimena completely dissipated on August 30, not long after entering the Central Pacific Basin. Hurricane Jimena was of no threat to land.^[23]

Tropical Storm Oliwa

Tropical storm Oliwa began as a tropical disturbance that had meandered south of Johnston Atoll. It organized into Tropical Depression Two-C on September 2. Later that day, it was upgraded to Tropical Storm Oliwa (Hawaiian for Oliver) as it slowly moved towards the west.^[4] It crossed the dateline late on September 3 and entered the Joint Typhoon Warning Center's Area of Responsibility.^[24]) In the Pacific Ocean, tropical cyclones are not renamed when they cross basin boundaries, so Oliwa kept its name.^[4]

Oliwa passed south of Wake Island on September 6, where it caused heavy rains but no damage. On September 7, Oliwa started a period of rapid strengthening, becoming a typhoon on September 8 and a Super Typhoon eight hours later. Oliwa stayed at that intensity for over two days. While still a strong typhoon, Oliwa passed near the Northern Marianas Islands. It then started weakening as it curved towards Japan. It made landfall as a minimal typhoon September 16. It quickly dissipated later that same day.^[25] Typhoon Oliwa caused 12 fatalities and left 30,000 people homeless. Damage totaled to 4.36 billion yen ($50.1 million USD).^[26]^[27]

Tropical Storm Kevin

Tropical Storm Kevin, first displayed hints of development while located near Panama, and developed a well-defined circulation after emerging into the Pacific. It was classified as a tropical depression in the Pacific on September 3 while located south-south west of Baja California. Convection increased and the outflow of the storm became better defined. As such, it became a tropical storm on the morning of September 4. Gradually intensifying, it reached it peak intensity as a mid-level tropical storm on September 5. As it moved westbound, it maintained its intensity for 12 hours. The environment was unfavorable, and two days later, Kevin weakened to a depression when deep convection ceased. It dissipated early on September 7, having never posed a threat to land.^[28]

Hurricane Linda

A tropical disturbance formed on September 9 and became Tropical Depression Fourteen-E later that day. The cyclone moved northwest and strengthened into a tropical storm on September 10. Linda then rapidly intensified, reaching hurricane intensity the next day as an eye formed. On September 12, Linda reached its peak intensity, with maximum sustained winds of {{convert|185|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}—making it a Category 5 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale—and a minimum pressure of 902 mbar (902 hPa), making it the most intense Pacific hurricane ever recorded until Hurricane Patricia surpassed it in 2015. However, Linda soon moved over cooler waters, and began to weaken, falling below hurricane intensity on September 16. It then slowly weakened and dissipated on September 17.^[29]

Linda passed very near Socorro Island.^[29] In addition, early forecasts predicted that Linda would make landfall in California. The landfall never materialized and warnings or watches were not necessary for any location. However, Linda caused large surf, which crashed ashore in California, where it swept five people off a jetty. Moisture related to Linda also contributed to a landslide in southern California that destroyed or damaged 79 houses.^[30]

Tropical Storm Marty

An area of disturbed weather formed early on September 10. It became better organized two days later as convection increased, and then organized into Tropical Depression Fifteen-E late on September 12. Moving slowly in a westward direction, it strengthened into a tropical storm in the morning of September 14. Later that day, the system reached its peak intensity of {{convert|45|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}. Meanwhile, the storm's forward speed slowed down even more, and it turned to the south. It then encountered an area of strong wind shear, and it weakened into a depression on September 15 as the center of circulation became displaced from the deep convection. The shear continued to weaken, and the tropical cyclone dissipated late on September 16. There were no deaths or damage.^[31]

Hurricane Nora

A large area of disturbed weather moved into the Pacific on September 12. It then organized into Tropical Depression Sixteen-E on September 16 and quickly strengthened into a tropical storm. Early on September 18, a poorly defined and ragged eye appeared on infrared imagery. Shortly thereafter, its winds reached {{convert|105|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}. Nora eventually peaked at Category 4. It then encountered water temperature anomalies, and fluctuated in strength. Then, a trough pulled Nora northward and accelerated the storm. After weakening to a Category 1, Nora made landfall in northern Baja California and stayed a tropical storm as it entered the United States. At that time, however, most of the deep rest convection was displaced to the northeast. Nora dissipated over Arizona, but its remnants kept going north.^[32]

Tropical Storm Olaf

A tropical disturbance left Central America on September 22. Despite some wind shear, the system gradually became better organized and a tropical depression formed September 26, being upgraded to a tropical storm several hours later. The cyclone immediately moved north. Instead of strengthening into a hurricane before landfall as forecasted, Olaf weakened due to its proximity to land. On September 29, Olaf made landfall near Salina Cruz, Oaxaca.^[34]

Olaf, as a tropical depression, moved westward, far out to sea. Operationally, Olaf was believed to have dissipated for six days. however, in the Tropical Cyclone Report, a report issued several months after the hurricane's duration, it was believed to have remained a tropical cyclone the entire time. After restrengthening slightly, Olaf moved southeast on October 5 due to the influence of Hurricane Pauline. Olaf then turned north, and on October 12 made a second landfall near Manzanillo, Colima, as a tropical depression. Olaf's surface circulation weakened, and its remnants moved back out to sea, but did not redevelop.^[34]

Olaf resulted in some reports of damage and flooding in Mexico and Guatemala. During two time frames, from September 27 through October 2 and 10 through October 16, a total of {{convert|27.73|in|mm}} of rainfall fell in association with Olaf in Soyalapa/Comaltepec.^[35] Several people were reported missing. Most of its damage was from its first landfall.^[34] Throughout southern Mexico, Guatemala and El Salvador, flooding caused by Olaf was blamed for eighteen deaths.^[36]

Hurricane Pauline

On October 3, a distinct area of disturbed weather formed. It drifted eastbound, and a well-defined low pressure soon formed. It became Tropical Depression Eighteen-E on October 5. Early the next day it intensified into tropical Storm Pauline. An eye feature developed on October 7 and as such Pauline was upgraded into a hurricane. In a favorable environment, the cyclone rapidly intensified, reaching Category 4 intensity. After fluctuating in intensity, interaction with land weakened Pauline to a Category 2 by the time it made landfall on October 9. It accelerated to the northwest, and passed over a mountainous region. The mountains disrupted Pauline's circulation, and squeezed the moisture from the hurricane. Pauline dissipated on October 10 while over Jalisco.^[37]

Hurricane Pauline was the deadliest storm of the season. Landslides and flooding caused by heavy rain caused tragic loss of life and left thousands homeless. There were at least 230 casualties. The Red Cross reported that 400 people died, but this was disputed by Mexican officials. Pauline was Mexico's deadliest hurricane since 1976's Liza.^[37] In addition, the hurricane caused $447.8 million in damage (1997 USD; $473 million 2008 USD).^[38]

Tropical Depression Three-C

A tropical disturbance formed near 140°W. It became Tropical Depression Three-C on October 6. The waters were very warm, and there was only moderate wind shear. However, the depression slowly moved westward without intensifying, and dissipated the next day.^[4]

Tropical Depression Four-C

A tropical disturbance formed in late October. It became Tropical Depression Four-C on October 30 well southwest of Hawaii. Although the waters were very warm, some dry air was located north of the system. It slowly moved westward without intensifying, and dissipated the next day as the circulation became exposed.^[4]^[4]

Hurricane Rick

The first hurricane in November since 1991^[3] formed from a tropical disturbance. Although the circulation was initially poorly defined, it later acquired enough organization and was classified as a tropical depression on November 7. It moved north until a trough of low pressure turned it to the northeast. It was named on November 8, and was upgraded to a hurricane the next day. It reached its peak intensity of 100 mph (160 km/h) and 973 mbar (hPa). Rick made landfall in Oaxaca – the same area devastated by Hurricane Pauline one month earlier – and quickly weakened, dissipating early on November 11.^[39]

The storm downed trees, washed out recently repaired roads, and disrupted communications in some small population centers. A total of {{convert|10.47|in|mm}} of rain was reported at Astata/San Pedro Huameluca near the point of landfall in Mexico.^[40] No one was killed.^[39]

Rick is one of only eight known hurricanes to form in the Pacific Ocean east of the dateline in the month of November. The other ones are Nina, Tara, Iwa, Nora, Sergio, Kenneth, and Sandra of which only Rick, Tara, and Iwa directly impacted land. It was also the second-latest landfalling Pacific hurricane.^[3]

Tropical Storm Paka

Tropical Depression Five-C formed on December 2, two days after the season ended. It was the second December tropical depression east of the dateline; 1983's Hurricane Winnie was the only other one.^[3] The depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Paka (Hawaiian for Pat^[4]) while west of Palmyra Atoll. The system began to move westward at a steady pace.^[41] As Paka moved westward, dry air and wind shear disrupted its development until it crossed the dateline on December 6.^[4]

After entering the Western Pacific, the cyclone encountered a more favorable environment, resulting in rapid intensification. It became a typhoon on December 10^[42] and passed near Kwajalein with winds of {{convert|120|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}. It strengthened further, twice reaching Category 5 intensity. While a super typhoon, Paka passed close to Guam on December 17, causing major damage. Afterwards, Paka encountered a hostile environment and had completely dissipated by the evening of December 22.^[43]

Season effects

This is a table of the storms in 1997 and their landfall(s), if any. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but are still storm-related. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical or a wave or low, but do not include impacts in the Western Pacific basin.

Storm names

The following names were used for named storms that formed in the eastern Pacific in 1997. Names that were not assigned are marked in gray. The names not retired from this list were used again in the 2003 season. This is the same list used for the 1991 season except for Felicia, which replaced Fefa. A storm was named Felicia for the first time in 1997. Also, the name "Dolores" was misspelled "Delores" in the 1991 season; in this and subsequent seasons, the typo was corrected.^[44]

For storms that form in the Central Pacific Hurricane Center's area of responsibility, encompassing the area between 140 degrees west and the International Date Line, all names are used in a series of four rotating lists. The next four names that were slated for use in 1997 are shown below, however, only two of them were used.

Retirement

The World Meteorological Organization retired one name in the spring of 1998: Pauline. It was replaced in the 2003 season by Patricia. In 2006, a name from the Central Pacific list was retired due to its effects west of the International Dateline in this season: Paka.^[45] The name set to replace it is Pama.^[46]

See also

References

1. ^{{cite web|author=National Hurricane Center|year=2007|title=Tropical Cyclone Climatology|accessdate=February 25, 2007|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pastprofile.shtml}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/G1.html|title=Subject: G1) When is hurricane season?|publisher=National Hurricane Center|author=Neal Dorst|work=FAQ: Hurricanes, Typhoons, and Tropical Cyclones|accessdate=August 30, 2008}}
3. ^¹²³⁴⁵{{EPAC hurricane est track}}
4. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸{{cite web|url=http://www.prh.noaa.gov/cphc/summaries/1997.php|publisher=Central Pacific Hurricane Center|title=The 1997 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season|accessdate=October 24, 2005|author1=Benjamin C. Hablutzel |author2=Hans E. Rosendal |author3=James C. Weyman |author4=Jonathan D. Hoag | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20051030073416/http://www.prh.noaa.gov/cphc/summaries/1997.php| archivedate= October 30, 2005 | deadurl= no}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/Epac_hurr/background_information.html|author=Climate Prediction Center|title=Background Information: East Pacific Hurricane Season|accessdate=October 26, 2006| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20061006130855/http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/Epac_hurr/background_information.html| archivedate= October 6, 2006 | deadurl= no}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/Epac_hurr/figure2.gif|author=Climate Prediction Center|title=East Pacific Hurricane Season Activity NOAA's Accumulated Cyclone Energy (ACE) Index|accessdate=October 26, 2006| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20061006031328/http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/Epac_hurr/figure2.gif| archivedate= October 6, 2006 | deadurl= no}}
7. ^¹²{{cite web|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1997andres.html|publisher=National Hurricane Center|title=Preliminary Report Tropical Storm Andres|accessdate=October 24, 2005|author=Edward Rappaport|date=June 18, 1997| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20050925163414/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1997andres.html| archivedate= September 25, 2005 | deadurl= no}}
8. ^{{cite web|publisher=Hydrometeorological Prediction Center|year=2007|url=http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/andres1997rain.gif|format=GIF|title=Tropical Storm Andres Storm Total Rainfall Image|accessdate=February 15, 2007|author=David M. Roth}}
9. ^{{cite web|title=1997 flood archive|url=http://www.dartmouth.edu/~floods/Archives/1997sum.htm|accessdate=March 18, 2007|publisher=Dartmouth Flood Observatory}}
10. ^¹²{{cite web|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1997blanca.html |publisher=National Hurricane Center |title=Preliminary Report Tropical Storm Blanca |accessdate=October 24, 2005 |author=Lixion Avila |date=June 19, 1997 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050925163446/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1997blanca.html |archivedate=September 25, 2005 |deadurl=yes |df=mdy }}
11. ^{{cite web | author = David M. Roth| year=2009 | url =http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/blanca1997filledrainblk.gif | title = Tropical Storm Blanca (1997) Storm Total Rainfall| publisher = Hydrometeorological Prediction Center| accessdate =May 8, 2009}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1997td3e.html |publisher=National Hurricane Center |title=Preliminary Report Tropical Depression Three-E |accessdate=August 23, 2008 |author=Miles Lawrence |date=June 24, 1997 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080922224921/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1997td3e.html |archivedate=September 22, 2008 |deadurl=yes |df=mdy }}
13. ^{{cite web|author=Max Mayfield |url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1997carlos.html |publisher=National Hurricane Center |title=Preliminary Report Tropical Storm Carlos |accessdate=October 24, 2005 |date=August 10, 1997 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050925163528/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1997carlos.html |archivedate=September 25, 2005 |deadurl=yes |df=mdy }}
14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1997td5e.html |author=Richard Pasch |publisher=National Hurricane Center |title=Preliminary Report Tropical Depression Five-E |accessdate=August 23, 2008 |date=July 7, 1997 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080922225118/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1997td5e.html |archivedate=September 22, 2008 |deadurl=yes |df=mdy }}
15. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1997dolores.html |publisher=National Hurricane Center |title=Preliminary Report Hurricane Dolores |accessdate=October 24, 2005 |date=1997-08-19 |author=Edward Rappaport |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050925163016/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1997dolores.html |archivedate=September 25, 2005 |deadurl=yes |df=mdy }}
16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1997enrique.html |author=Lixion Avila |date=August 15, 1997 |publisher=National Hurricane Center |title=Preliminary Report Hurricane Enrique |accessdate=October 24, 2005 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050925163433/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1997enrique.html |archivedate=September 25, 2005 |deadurl=yes |df=mdy }}
17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1997felicia.html|publisher=National Hurricane Center|title=Preliminary Report Hurricane Felicia|accessdate=October 24, 2005|author=Miles Lawrence|date=August 23, 1997| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20050925163622/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1997felicia.html| archivedate= September 25, 2005 | deadurl= no}}
18. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1997guillerm.html|publisher=National Hurricane Center|title=Preliminary Report Hurricane Guillermo |accessdate=October 24, 2005|author=Max Mayfield|date=October 2, 1997| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20050925163146/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1997guillerm.html| archivedate= September 25, 2005 | deadurl= no}}
19. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1997hilda.html |publisher=National Hurricane Center |title=Preliminary Report Tropical Storm Hilda |author=Richard Pasch |date=December 12, 1997 |accessdate=October 24, 2005 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050925163506/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1997hilda.html |archivedate=September 25, 2005 |deadurl=yes |df=mdy }}
20. ^¹²{{cite web|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1997ignacio.html|publisher=National Hurricane Center|title=Preliminary Report Tropical Storm Ignacio|date=August 27, 1997|accessdate=October 24, 2005|author=Edward Rappaport| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20050925163308/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1997ignacio.html| archivedate= September 25, 2005 | deadurl= no}}
21. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/weather/whhcalif.htm|newspaper=USA Today|title=California's Tropical Cyclones|accessdate=October 24, 2005|author=Jack Williams|date=May 17, 2005}}
22. ^{{cite web|author=Stuart Hinson|publisher=National Climatic Data Center|year=1997|accessdate=June 29, 2009|title=California Event Report: Flash Flood|url=http://www4.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi-win/wwcgi.dll?wwevent~ShowEvent~283112|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090906183642/http://www4.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi-win/wwcgi.dll?wwevent~ShowEvent~283112|archive-date=September 6, 2009|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}
23. ^¹{{cite report|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1997jimena.html|author2=National Hurricane Center|type=Preliminary Report|title=Hurricane Jimena|date=September 16, 1997|author=Avilla, Lixion A|accessdate=June 24, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050925163115/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1997jimena.html|archivedate=September 25, 2005|deadurl=no|publisher=United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service}}
24. ^{{cite web|url=http://weather.unisys.com/hurricane/e_pacific/1997/OLIWA/track.dat|publisher=Unisys|title=Data for Super Typhoon Oliwa|accessdate=November 29, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610095823/http://weather.unisys.com/hurricane/e_pacific/1997/OLIWA/track.dat|archive-date=June 10, 2007|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}
25. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1997atcr/pdf/cep/02c.pdf|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|title=Super Typhoon Oliwa (02C)|accessdate=February 21, 2005|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607045148/http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1997atcr/pdf/cep/02c.pdf|archive-date=June 7, 2011|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}
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27. ^{{cite web|author=Dartmouth Flood Observatory|year=2008|title=1997 Flood Archive|accessdate=March 13, 2010|url=http://www.dartmouth.edu/~floods/Archives/1997sum.htm}}
28. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1997kevin.html |publisher=National Hurricane Center |title=Preliminary Report Tropical Storm Kevin |accessdate=October 24, 2005 |date=November 4, 1997 |author=Miles Lawrence |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050925163406/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1997kevin.html |archivedate=September 25, 2005 |deadurl=yes |df=mdy }}
29. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1997linda.html|publisher=National Hurricane Center|title=Preliminary Report Hurricane Linda|accessdate=October 24, 2005|author=Max Mayfield|date=October 25, 1997| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20051106234636/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1997linda.html| archivedate= November 6, 2005 | deadurl= no}}
30. ^{{cite web|author=National Weather Service|year=2004|title=A History of Significant Local Weather Effects for San Diego|accessdate=August 30, 2008|url=http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/sgx/research/Guide/weatherhistory.pdf|format=PDF|page=27 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080528060023/http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/sgx/research/Guide/weatherhistory.pdf |archivedate = May 28, 2008}}
31. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1997marty.html |publisher=National Hurricane Center |title=Preliminary Report Tropical Storm Marty |accessdate=October 24, 2005 |author=Richard Pasch |date=December 12, 1997 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050925163221/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1997marty.html |archivedate=September 25, 2005 |deadurl=yes |df=mdy }}
32. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1997nora.html|publisher=National Hurricane Center|title=Preliminary Report Hurricane Nora|accessdate=October 24, 2005|author=Edward Rappaport|date=October 30, 1997| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20050925163209/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1997nora.html| archivedate= September 25, 2005 | deadurl= no}}
33. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/Landsea/chenowethlandsea.pdf|title=The San Diego Hurricane of 2 October 1858 |author=Chris Landsea & Michael Chenoweth|work=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|accessdate=August 30, 2008|page=1689|format=PDF| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080920154150/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/Landsea/chenowethlandsea.pdf| archivedate= September 20, 2008 | deadurl= no |date=November 2004}}
34. ^¹²{{cite web|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1997olaf.html|publisher=National Hurricane Center|title=Preliminary Report Tropical Storm Olaf|date=November 5, 1997|accessdate=October 24, 2005|author=Lixion Avila| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20050925163340/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1997olaf.html| archivedate= September 25, 2005 | deadurl= no}}
35. ^{{cite web | author = David M. Roth | year=2009 | url =http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/olaf1997filledrainblk.gif | title = Hurricane Olaf (1997) Storm Total Rainfall Graphic | publisher = Hydrometeorological Prediction Center | accessdate =May 8, 2009}}
36. ^{{cite news|publisher=CNN |url=http://www.cnn.com/WEATHER/9710/08/pauline/index.html |title='Dangerous' Hurricane Pauline to hit southwest Mexico |date=October 8, 1997 |accessdate=March 18, 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060521133856/http://www.cnn.com/WEATHER/9710/08/pauline/index.html |archivedate=May 21, 2006 |df=mdy }}
37. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1997pauline.html|publisher=National Hurricane Center|title=Preliminary Report Hurricane Pauline|date=November 7, 1997|author=Miles Lawrence|accessdate=October 24, 2005| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20050925163243/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1997pauline.html| archivedate= September 25, 2005 | deadurl= no}}
38. ^Estadísticas sobre los Riesgos a atenuar de Fenómenos Perturbadores {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927234401/http://www.cofemermir.gob.mx/uploadtests/4054.66.59.1.STAD%C3%8DSTICAS-RIESGOS-ATENUAR.DOC |date=September 27, 2007 }}
39. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1997rick.html|publisher=National Hurricane Center|title=Preliminary Report Hurricane Rick|accessdate=October 24, 2005|author=Max Mayfield|date=November 23, 1997| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20051102031933/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1997rick.html| archivedate= November 2, 2005 | deadurl= no}}
40. ^{{cite web|publisher=Hydrometeorological Prediction Center|url=http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/rick1997rain.gif|title=Hurricane Rick Storm Total Rainfall Graphic|author=David M. Roth|accessdate=February 15, 2007|format=GIF}}
41. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.weather.unisys.com/hurricane/e_pacific/1997H/PAKA/track.gif|publisher=Unisys|title=Paka track map|accessdate=October 24, 2005|format=GIF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060510021339/http://weather.unisys.com/hurricane/e_pacific/1997H/PAKA/track.gif|archive-date=May 10, 2006|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}
42. ^{{cite web|url=http://weather.unisys.com/hurricane/e_pacific/1997H/PAKA/track.dat|publisher=Unisys|title=Tracking data for Super Typhoon Paka|accessdate=November 29, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513184614/http://www.weather.unisys.com/hurricane/e_pacific/1997H/PAKA/track.dat#|archive-date=May 13, 2008|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}
43. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1997atcr/pdf/cep/05c.pdf|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|title=Super Typhoon Paka (05C)|accessdate=February 21, 2006|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607045201/http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1997atcr/pdf/cep/05c.pdf|archive-date=June 7, 2011|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}
44. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.atwc.org/pachist.txt|format=Plaintext|publisher=Atlantic Tropical Weather Center|title=Pacific hurricane name history|accessdate=October 24, 2005}}
45. ^{{cite web|author=Interdepartmental Hurricane Conference |year=2007 |title=The Nation’s Hurricane Program: An Interagency Success Story |accessdate=December 29, 2007 |url=http://www.ofcm.gov/ihc07/web-61st-IHC-Booklet.pdf |format=PDF |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5f9vkkp2f?url=http://www.ofcm.gov/ihc07/web-61st-IHC-Booklet.pdf |archivedate=March 10, 2009 |df=mdy }}
46. ^{{cite web|author=Dennis H. McCarthy |year=2007 |title=National Weather Service Instruction Tropical Cyclone Names and Pronunciation Guide |accessdate=December 29, 2007 |url=http://www.weather.gov/directives/sym/pd01006006curr.pdf |format=PDF |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910161627/http://www.weather.gov/directives/sym/pd01006006curr.pdf |archivedate=September 10, 2008 |df= }}
47. ^Background information on East Pacific ACE accessed December 5, 2005