“1919 Italian general election”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

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1919 Italian general election

释义

Electoral system
Historical background
Parties and leaders
Coalitions
Results
First party by Region
References

{{Infobox Election
| election_name = Italian general election, 1919
| country = Kingdom of Italy
| type = legislative
| ongoing = no
| previous_election= Italian general election, 1913
| previous_year = 1913
| next_election = Italian general election, 1921
| next_year = 1921
| seats_for_election = All 508 seats to the Chamber of Deputies of the Kingdom of Italy
| election_date = 16 November 1919
| image1 =
| leader1 = Nicola Bombacci
| leaders_seat1 =
| party1 = Italian Socialist Party
| seats1 = 156
| seat_change1 = {{increase}}104
| popular_vote1 = 1,834,792
| percentage1 = 32.3%
| swing1 = {{increase}}14.7%
| image2 =
| leader2 = Don Luigi Sturzo
| leaders_seat2 =
| party2 = Italian People's Party (1919)
| seats2 = 101
| seat_change2 = new party
| popular_vote2 = 1,167,354
| percentage2 = 20.5%
| swing2 = new party
| image3 =
| leader3 = Vittorio Emanuele Orlando
| leaders_seat3 =
| party3 = Liberal Democratic Party (Italy)
| seats3 = 91
| seat_change3 = new party
| popular_vote3 = 904,195
| percentage3 = 15.9%
| swing3 = new party
| map_image =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| title = Prime Minister
| posttitle = Elected Prime Minister
| before_election = Francesco Saverio Nitti
| after_election = Francesco Saverio Nitti
| before_party = Italian Radical Party
| after_party = Italian Radical Party
}}

General elections were held in Italy on 16 November 1919.^[1] The fragmented Liberal governing coalition lost the absolute majority in the Chamber of Deputies, due to the success of the Italian Socialist Party and the Italian People's Party.

Electoral system

The old system of using single-member constituencies with two-round majority voting was abolished and replaced with proportional representation in 58 constituencies with between 5 and 20 members.^[2]

Historical background

The election took place in the middle of Biennio Rosso ("Red Biennium") a two-year period, between 1919 and 1920, of intense social conflict in Italy, following the First World War.^[3] The revolutionary period was followed by the violent reaction of the Fascist blackshirts militia and eventually by the March on Rome of Benito Mussolini in 1922.

The Biennio Rosso took place in a context of economic crisis at the end of the war, with high unemployment and political instability. It was characterized by mass strikes, worker manifestations as well as self-management experiments through land and factories occupations.^[3] In Turin and Milan, workers councils were formed and many factory occupations took place under the leadership of anarcho-syndicalists. The agitations also extended to the agricultural areas of the Padan plain and were accompanied by peasant strikes, rural unrests and guerrilla conflicts between left-wing and right-wing militias.

In the general election, the fragmented Liberal governing coalition lost the absolute majority in the Chamber of Deputies, due to the success of the Italian Socialist Party and the Italian People's Party. The Socialists of Nicola Bombacci received the most votes in almost every region and especially in Emilia-Romagna (60.0%), Piedmont (49.7%), Lombardy (45.9%), Tuscany (41.7%) and Umbria (46.5%), while the People's Party were the largest party in Veneto (42.6%) and came second in Lombardy (30.1%) and the Liberal lists were stronger in Southern Italy (over 50% in Abruzzo, Campania, Basilicata, Apulia, Calabria and Sicily).^[4]

Parties and leaders

	Ideology	Leader
Italian Socialist Party (PSI)	Socialism, Revolutionary socialism	Nicola Bombacci
Italian People's Party (PPI)	Christian democracy, Popularism	Luigi Sturzo
Democratic Liberal Party (PLD)	Liberalism, Radicalism	Vittorio Emanuele Orlando
Social Democratic Party (PDSI)	Social liberalism, Radicalism	Giovanni Antonio Colonna
Liberal Union (UL)	Liberalism, Centrism	Giovanni Giolitti
Combatants' Party (PdC)	Italian nationalism, Veteran interests	several
Radical Party (PR)	Radicalism, Republicanism	Francesco Saverio Nitti
Economic Party (PE)	Conservatism, Liberism	Ferdinando Bocca
Reformist Socialist Party (PSRI)	Social democracy, Social liberalism	Leonida Bissolati
Italian Republican Party (PRI)	Republicanism, Radicalism	Salvatore Barzilai

Coalitions

Coalition		Parties
	Majority		Italian People's Party (PPI)
			Democratic Liberal Party (PLD)
			Social Democratic Party (PDSI)
			Liberal Union (UL)
			Radical Party (PR)
			Italian Reformist Socialist Party (PSRI)
	Opposition		Italian Socialist Party (PSI)
			Combatants' Party (PdC)
			Economic Party (PE)
			Italian Republican Party (PRI)

Results

Party		Votes	%	Seats	+/−
	Italian Socialist Party	1,834,792	32.3	156	+104
	Italian People's Party	1,167,354	20.5	100	New
	Democratic Liberal Party	904,195	15.9	96	New
	Italian Social Democratic Party	622,310	10.9	60	New
	Liberal Union	490,384	8.6	41	−229
	Combatants' Party	232,923	4.1	20	New
	Radical Party	110,697	1.9	12	−50
	Economic Party	87,450	1.5	7	New
	Italian Reformist Socialist Party	82,157	1.4	6	−13
	Dissident People's Party	65,421	1.2	0	New
	Italian Republican Party	53,197	0.9	9	+1
	Independent Socialists	33,938	0.6	1	−7
Invalid/blank votes		108,674	–	–	–
Total		5,793,492	100	508	±0
Registered voters/turnout		10,239,326	56.6	–	–

{{Bar box
|title=Popular vote
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=550px
|barwidth=500px
|bars={{Bar percent|PSI|{{Italian Socialist Party/meta/color}}|32.28}}{{Bar percent|PPI|{{Italian People's Party (1919)/meta/color}}|20.53}}{{Bar percent|PLD|{{Liberal Democratic Party (Italy)/meta/color}}|15.91}}{{Bar percent|PDSI|{{Italian Social Democratic Party/meta/color}}|10.95}}{{Bar percent|UL|{{Liberals (Italy)/meta/color}}|8.63}}{{Bar percent|PdC|#8B4513|4.10}}{{Bar percent|PR|{{Italian Radical Party/meta/color}}|1.95}}{{Bar percent|PE|#476DFF|1.54}}{{Bar percent|PSRI|#FF0000|1.45}}{{Bar percent|Others|{{Other/meta/color}}|2.68}}
}}{{Bar box
|title=Seats
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=550px
|barwidth=500px
|bars={{Bar percent|PSI|{{Italian Socialist Party/meta/color}}|30.71}}{{Bar percent|PPI|{{Italian People's Party (1919)/meta/color}}|19.69}}{{Bar percent|PLD|{{Liberal Democratic Party (Italy)/meta/color}}|18.90}}{{Bar percent|PDSI|{{Italian Social Democratic Party/meta/color}}|11.81}}{{Bar percent|UL|{{Liberals (Italy)/meta/color}}|8.07}}{{Bar percent|PdC|#8B4513|3.94}}{{Bar percent|PR|{{Italian Radical Party/meta/color}}|2.36}}{{Bar percent|PE|#476DFF|1.38}}{{Bar percent|PSRI|#FF0000|1.18}}{{Bar percent|Others|{{Other/meta/color}}|1.97}}
}}

First party by Region

Region
Abruzzo-Molise	PLD–UL	PSI	PPI
Apulia	PLD–UL	PSI	PPI
Basilicata	PLD–UL	PSI	PPI
Calabria	PLD–UL	PPI	PSI
Campania	PLD–UL	PPI	PSI
Emilia-Romagna	PSI	PLD–UL	PPI
Lazio	PLD–UL	PPI	PSI
Liguria	PLD–UL	PSI	PPI
Lombardy	PSI	PPI	PLD–UL
Marche	PSI	PLD–UL	PPI
Piedmont	PSI	PLD–UL	PPI
Sardinia	PLD–UL	PPI	PSI
Sicily	PLD–UL	PPI	PSI
Tuscany	PSI	PLD–UL	PPI
Umbria	PSI	PLD–UL	PPI
Veneto	PPI	PSI	PLD–UL

References

1. ^Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p1047 {{ISBN|978-3-8329-5609-7}}
2. ^Nohlen & Stöver, p1032
3. ^¹Brunella Dalla Casa, Composizione di classe, rivendicazioni e professionalità nelle lotte del "biennio rosso" a Bologna, in: AA. VV, Bologna 1920; le origini del fascismo, a cura di Luciano Casali, Cappelli, Bologna 1982, p. 179.
4. ^Piergiorgio Corbetta; Maria Serena Piretti, Atlante storico-elettorale d'Italia, Zanichelli, Bologna 2009

3 : General elections in Italy|1919 elections in Italy|November 1919 events

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