1. Technology features

2. History

3. References

4. Bibliography

Floating solar or FPV (Floating photovoltaic), refers to an array of solar panels on a structure that floats on a body of water, typically an artificial basin or a lake.

This technology has had a rapid growth on the renewable energy market since 2016 and in 2017 has overcome the 200 MW of installed power. The first 20 plants, of a few dozen of kWp have been built between 2008 and 2014 as reported in the MIRARCO paper ^[1] that analyzed the birth of this technology.

The installed power in 2018 is foreseen to be near to 1 GWP ^[2].

Technology features

There are several reasons for this development:

1. No land occupancy: the main advantage of floating PV plants is that they do not take up any land, except the limited surfaces necessary for electric cabinet and grid connections. Their price is comparable with land based plants, but they provide a good way to avoid land consumption.^&91;3&93;
2. Installation and decommissioning: floating PV plants are more compact than land-based plants, their management is simpler and their construction and decommissioning straightforward. The main point is that no fixed structures exist like the foundations used for a land-based plant so their installation can be totally reversible.
3. Water saving and water quality: the partial coverage of basins can reduce the water evaporation. This result depends on climate conditions and on the percentage of the covered surface. In arid climates such as Australia this is an important advantage since about 80% of the evaporation of the covered surface is saved and this means more than 20,000 m3/year/ha. This is a very useful feature if the basin is used for irrigation purposes.^{&91;4&93;&91;5&93;}
4. Cooling: the floating structure allows the implementation of a simple cooling system. Cooling mechanism is natural but can also be active by generating a water layer on the PV modules or using a submerged PV modules, the so called SP2 (Submerged Photovoltaic Solar Panel).^&91;6&93; In these cases the global PV modules efficiency rises thanks to the absence of thermal drift, with a gain in energy harvesting up to 8-10%.
5. Tracking: a large floating platform can be easily turned and can perform a vertical axis tracking: this can be done without wasting energy and without the need for a complex mechanical apparatus as in land-based PV plants. A floating PV plant equipped with a tracking system has a limited additional cost while the energy gain can range from 15 to 25%.^&91;7&93;
6. Storage opportunity: the presence of water naturally suggests using gravity energy storage mainly in the coupling with hydroelectric basins. However other possibilities has been explored and in particular CAES systems have been suggested.^&91;8&93;
7. Environment control: a parallel advantage is the containment of the algae bloom, a serious problem in industrialized countries. The partial coverage of the basins and the reduction of light on biological fouling just below the surface, together with active systems can solve this problem. This is only a part of the more general problem of managing a water basin generated by industrial activities or polluted by them. See for example the mining managing.^&91;9&93;
8. Efficiency improvement: Many studies claim that there is a significant improvement in efficiency putting solar panels over water. These studies are not conclusive and differ in their conclusion. The energy gain reported range from 5 to 15%.^&91;10&93;

History

American, Danish, French, Italian and Japanese nationals were the first to register patents for floating solar. In Italy the first registered patent, regarding PV modules on water, goes back to February 2008.^[11]

The MIRARCO (Mining Innovation Rehabilitation and Applied Research Corporation Ontario, CANADA) research group quotes several solutions that were put forward in the years 2008-2011 and 2012-2014.^[1] Without being exhaustive the installations can be classified into three categories:

• PV plants constituted by modules mounted on pontoons
• PV modules mounted on rafts built in plastic and galvanized steel
• PV modules mounted on rafts, fully in plastic.

It is Impossible to give a detailed analysis of the many small PV floating plants built in the first 10 years. The plot here below is based on data taken from the web for FPV with more than 500 kW of power. In the Asian Clean Energy Summit in

Singapore (Oct. 2017) two numbers where quoted by the World- Bank Group: 453 MWp for installation in 2017 and a forecast of 750 MWp for 2018.

The following graph shows the growth of solar floating installations globally from the beginning.

Data taken from “Where Sun Meets Water: Floating Solar Market Report,” World Bank Group and SERIS, Singapore, 2018.

References

Bibliography

• {{cite journal |doi=10.1029/97WR02405 |title=The influence of wind stress, temperature, and humidity gradients on evaporation from reservoirs |journal=Water Resources Research |volume=33 |issue=12 |pages=2813 |year=1997 |last1=Condie |first1=Scott A. |last2=Webster |first2=Ian T. |bibcode=1997WRR....33.2813C }}
• Howard, E. and Schmidt, E. 2008. Evaporation control using Rio Tinto's Floating Modules on Northparks Mine, Landloch and NCEA. National Centre for Engineering in Agriculture Publication 1001858/1, USQ, Toowoomba.
• McJannet, D.L., Webster, I.T., Stenson, M. and Sherman, B., 2008. A method to estimate open water evaporation losses across the Murray Darling Basin. CSIRO Report.
• {{cite journal|title=Floating Photovoltaic plants: performance analysis and design solutions|url=|journal=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews|volume=81|pages=1730–1741|via=|year=2017|last=R. Cazzaniga, M. Cicu, M. Rosa-Clot, P. Rosa-Clot, G. M. Tina and C. Ventura|doi=10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.269}}
• {{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.asej.2015.10.002 |title=Estimating relations between temperature, relative humidity as independed variables and selected water quality parameters in Lake Manzala, Egypt |journal=Ain Shams Engineering Journal |volume=9 |pages=1–14 |year=2015 |last1=Sallam |first1=Gehan A.H. |last2=Elsayed |first2=E.A. }}
• {{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.renene.2016.12.094 |title=Solar water heating system and photovoltaic floating cover to reduce evaporation: Experimental results and modeling |journal=Renewable Energy |volume=105 |pages=601–615 |year=2017 |last1=Taboada |first1=M.E. |last2=Cáceres |first2=L. |last3=Graber |first3=T.A. |last4=Galleguillos |first4=H.R. |last5=Cabeza |first5=L.F. |last6=Rojas |first6=R. }}
• {{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.ecoleng.2014.03.015 |title=Solar powered artificial floating island for landscape ecology and water quality improvement |journal=Ecological Engineering |volume=69 |pages=8–16 |year=2014 |last1=Chang |first1=Yuan-Hsiou |last2=Ku |first2=Chen-Ruei |last3=Yeh |first3=Naichia }}
• {{cite journal |title='Floating tracking cooling concentrating (FTCC) systems |journal=38th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC) Austin USA | year=2012 |last=R. Cazzaniga, M. Cicu, M. Rosa-Clot, P. Rosa-Clot, G. M. Tina |url=|volume=|pages=|via=}}
• {{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.10.097 |title=Thermal and electrical performances of a water-surface floating PV integrated with double water-saturated MEPCM layers |journal=Applied Thermal Engineering |volume=94 |pages=122–132 |year=2016 |last1=Ho |first1=C.J. |last2=Chou |first2=Wei-Len |last3=Lai |first3=Chi-Ming }}
• {{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.ecoleng.2014.11.013 |title=Water quality improvement with artificial floating islands |journal=Ecological Engineering |volume=74 |pages=371–375 |year=2015 |last1=Lu |first1=Hsiao-Ling |last2=Ku |first2=Chen-Ruei |last3=Chang |first3=Yuan-Hsiou }}
• {{cite book|title=Submerged and Floating Photovoltaic Systems Modelling, Design and Case Studies |publisher=Academic Press | year=2017 |last=M. Rosa-Clot, G. M. Tina |url=|volume=|pages=|via=}}
• {{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.rser.2016.08.051 |title=Floating photovoltaic power plant: A review |journal=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews |volume=66 |pages=815–824 |year=2016 |last1=Sahu |first1=Alok |last2=Yadav |first2=Neha |last3=Sudhakar |first3=K. }}
• {{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.enconman.2012.10.022 |title=Proposing offshore photovoltaic (PV) technology to the energy mix of the Maltese islands |journal=Energy Conversion and Management |volume=67 |pages=18–26 |year=2013 |last1=Trapani |first1=Kim |last2=Millar |first2=Dean L. }}
• {{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.053 |title=A review of solar photovoltaic systems cooling technologies |journal=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews |volume=79 |pages=192–203 |year=2017 |last1=Siecker |first1=J. |last2=Kusakana |first2=K. |last3=Numbi |first3=B.P. }}

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