“Forced disappearance in Pakistan”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Forced disappearance in Pakistan originated during the military dictator General Pervez Musharraf (1999 to 2008). The practice continued during subsequent governments. The term missing persons is sometimes used as a euphemism. According to Amina Masood Janjua, a human rights activist and chairperson of Defence of Human Rights Pakistan; a not for profit organization working against enforced disappearance there are more than 5,000 reported cases of enforced disappearance in Pakistan. There are no formal allegations or charges against the persons thus forcefully disappeared.

From 1999 to 2008

After the US invasion of Afghanistan in 2001, forced disappearance in Pakistan allegedly began during the rule of military dictator General Pervez Musharraf (1999 to 2008).^[1] Pakistan went under immense terrorist activities. A large number of people became the victim of suicidal attacks. During Musharraf's tenure, during 'War on Terror', many people were suspected as terrorists and then taken away by Govt agencies.^[2]^[3]^[4] Many of them were then handed over to the United States authorities to be imprisoned in the Guantanamo Bay's Camp X-Ray.^[4] After Musharaf resigned in August 2008, he was charged with various human rights violations.^[2] According to Amina Masood Janjua, a human right's activist and chairperson of Defence of Human Rights Pakistan, a Nonprofit organization working against enforced disappearance there are more than 5000 reported cases of enforced disappearance in Pakistan, however, she asserts that the number of unreported cases is much higher. On the other hand, according to government, this figures is inflated. There are no formal allegations or charges against the persons thus forcefully disappeared.

From 2009 to present

According to Dawn newspaper report, in the first seven months of 2016, there were 510 reports of forced disappearance in Pakistan.^[5] In 2011, a Commission of Inquiry on Enforced Disappearances was formed to investigate the cases of forced disappearances. According to Amnesty International, the commission has so far received 3,000 cases of such disappearances.^[8]

People who have at any point gone missing

Some have reported to have been handed over to the CIA and/or flown to Bagram, Afghanistan and later shipped off to Guantanamo Bay. Reports of forced abductions by the Pakistani state first began arising in 2001, in the aftermath of the United States invasion of Afghanistan and the commencement of the US-led War on Terror.^[11] Many of the missing persons are activists associated with the secular Baloch nationalist and Sindhi nationalist movements.^[11]

Balochistan

According to the International Voice for Baloch Missing Persons, 18,000 Baloch have gone missing by January 2014. Of these, 2,000 were killed between 2001 and 2013.^[12] According to a Voice for Missing Baloch Persons, 463 people were forcibly disappeared in Balochistan, out of whom 157 were tortured to death, in 2015.^[13]

The victims families give horrifying descriptions of tortured suffered by the abductees. Some bodies were found without their heart, lungs and intestines. Some had their eyeballs removed. In one case, the body was reportedly given to medical students for training. The mother of one of the abducted activists said, "they do this to scare us." However, "these bodies have made the mothers stronger. They sing songs of revolution when they see the dead now."^[12]

Criticism

The cases of forced disappearances were criticized by human rights organizations and the media.^[1] They have urged the government of Pakistan to probe these incidents.^[1]^[9] In 2011, a Commission of Inquiry on Enforced Disappearances was formed, but there was little progress in the investigation.^[5]

See also

References

1. ^¹²{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2011/07/28/we-can-torture-kill-or-keep-you-years/enforced-disappearances-pakistan-security |title="We Can Torture, Kill, or Keep You for Years" |date=28 July 2011 |work=Human Rights Watch |publisher= }}
2. ^¹{{cite web |url= http://impunitywatch.com/musharraf-faces-charges-of-human-rights-violations/ |title=Musharraf Faces Charges of Human Rights Violations |author=Shayne R. Burnham |date=28 September 2008 |work=Impunity Watch |publisher= }}
3. ^{{cite web |url= https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2007/pakistan|title=Pakistan |author= |date=2007 |work=Freedom House |publisher= }}
4. ^¹{{cite news |title=Where are the disappeared? |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1071504 |newspaper=Dawn |date=30 August 2008 |author=Irene Khan}}
5. ^¹{{cite news |title=Disappearances still a major issue |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1279694/disappearances-still-a-major-issue |newspaper=Dawn |date=25 August 2016 |author=I. A. Rehman}}
6. ^¹²{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/press-releases/2016/08/where-is-zeenat-shahzadi/ |title=Pakistan: Where Is Zeenat Shahzadi? |author= |date=30 August 2016 |work=Amnesty International|publisher= }}
7. ^{{cite web |title=State crackdown on dissent feared as four secularist activists 'disappear' in Pakistan |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/state-crackdown-dissent-feared-four-secularist-activists-disappear-pakistan-1600362 |date=11 January 2017 |author=Tareq Haddad |work=International Business Times |publisher=IBTimes Co., Ltd}}
8. ^¹²{{cite news |title=Fears of online crackdown loom large after ‘abduction’ of 4 bloggers |url=http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2017/01/11/fears-of-online-crackdown-in-pakistan/ |newspaper=Pakistan Today |date=11 January 2017 |author= |accessdate=13 January 2017 }}
9. ^¹²{{cite news |title=Rights Groups Ask Pakistan to Probe Disappearance of Activists |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2017/01/10/rights-groups-ask-pakistan-to-probe-disappearance-of-activists/ |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |date=10 January 2017 |author=Qasim Nauman}}
10. ^¹{{cite news |title=Second missing Pakistani blogger found, leaves country, says family |url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/world/2017/01/29/Second-missing-Pakistani-blogger-found-leaves-country-fearing-for-life-family.html |newspaper=Al Arabia |date=29 January 2017 |author= |accessdate=}}
11. ^¹{{cite book|title=Denying the Undeniable: Enforced Disappearances in Pakistan|year=2008|publisher=Amnesty International Publications|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa33/018/2008/en/}}
12. ^¹Kiran Nazish, Balochistan's Missing Persons, The Diplomat, 6 January 2014.
13. ^{{cite news|work=The Nation (Pakistan)|accessdate=25 September 2017|date=2 January 2016|title=157 killed, 463 missing persons in Balochistan last year: VBMP|url=http://nation.com.pk/national/02-Jan-2016/157-killed-463-missing-persons-in-balochistan-last-year-vbmp}}