“Foss (cat)”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Foss (c. 1873 – November 1887), formally named Aderphos, was the pet cat of Edward Lear, the 19th-century author, illustrator, and poet. A stumpy-tailed, portly, and unattractive tabby cat, he was a favourite of Lear's and played an important role as a companion in the poet's lonely later years. Foss is mentioned frequently in Lear's correspondence and makes an appearance in his illustrations and at least one poem. Foss is said to have been the inspiration for the pussycat in Lear's illustrations for his poem "The Owl and the Pussycat". The funeral that Lear provided for Foss, which included an epigraphed headstone, is said to have been more elaborate than Lear's own.

Description

Foss is said to have been adopted by Edward Lear whilst a kitten in 1873, though he was later claimed by Lear to be older.^[1] His full name was the Greek Aderphos, but he was generally known by the shortened form of "Foss" or, particularly by Lear, "Old Foss".^[2]^[2] Foss was a tabby cat described as unattractive.^[1]^[3] His tail was cut short by Lear's servants in an attempt to prevent him from wandering.^[3] No photographs survive of the cat, as he jumped out of Lear's arms on the only occasion when one was to be taken.^[2]

Lear grew fond of Foss and he was said to be his favourite animal.^[4] Foss was mentioned often in Lear's correspondence, to the extent that he was said to have been almost as famous as Lear at the time.^[4]^[5] He was said to roll on Lear's manuscripts to help dry the ink.^[6] Many accounts say that when Lear was planning his relocation to Sanremo, he had his architect design his new villa on the same floorplan as his previous home to avoid confusing Foss.^[3]^[13] Despite this on his first day in the villa Foss climbed into one of its chimneys.^[7]

Artistic influence

Foss is said to have been the model for the pussycat in Lear's "The Owl and the Pussycat" illustrations, though he chose to depict a full-length tail.^[8]^[9] Foss is also mentioned in Lear's poem "How Pleasant to Know Mr Lear":^[3]

There are also many drawings by Lear of Foss including the two together and a series depicting Foss in supposed heraldic poses – these include couchant, passant, rampant, regardant, and the more fanciful "dansant" (dancing) and "a untin" (hunting).^[1] The New York Times stated that Lear's illustrations of Foss were his best caricatures.^[10]

Death

Foss was a key companion in Lear's later years at a time when Lear was battling depression and loneliness.^[11]^[12]^[22]^[13] Foss died at Lear's Villa Tennyson in Sanremo in November 1887, just two months before Lear's own death.^[1]^[14]^[15] Foss has been reported as being 14, 16 or 17 years old at the time of his death, though Lear was convinced that he was much older and had the age of 31 years engraved on Foss' headstone.^[9]^[16] Some of Lear's pre-1872 drawings depict a cat very similar to Foss with a stumpy tail, tabby markings, and a portly appearance, and it is possible that Lear, knowingly or otherwise, conflated his imagined cat with the real Foss.^[16]

Foss was buried under his own headstone – with an epitaph composed by Lear – beneath a fig tree in the garden at Villa Tennyson.^[5]^[17]^[18] Foss' funeral is said to have had greater pomp and ceremony than Lear's own, which was poorly attended.^[13] Foss is mentioned in the song "Mr Lear" by British folk singer Al Stewart on his 2005 album A Beach Full of Shells.^[19]

References

1. ^¹²³{{cite news|last1=Stein|first1=Sadie|title=Edward Lear's Cat|url=https://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2012/10/29/edward-lear%E2%80%99s-cat/|accessdate=14 May 2018|work=The Paris Review|date=29 October 2012}}
2. ^¹{{cite book|last1=Levi|first1=Peter|title=Edward Lear: A Life|date=2013|publisher=Tauris Parke Paperbacks|isbn=9781780765693|page=263|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EeL4AAAAQBAJ|accessdate=17 May 2018|language=en}}
3. ^¹²³{{cite news|last1=Bell|first1=Bethan|title=Whiskers in the workplace: More cats with careers|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-42737193|accessdate=14 May 2018|work=BBC News|date=3 February 2018}}
4. ^¹²{{cite book|last1=Lear|first1=Edward|title=Edward Lear|date=2001|publisher=Sterling Publishing Company, Inc.|isbn=9780806930770|page=5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OOWdcHG1oXwC&pg=PA5|accessdate=14 May 2018|language=en}}
5. ^¹{{cite book|last1=Lear|first1=Edward|title=The Complete Nonsense of Edward Lear|date=2012|publisher=Courier Corporation|isbn=9780486119465|page=282|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HwzFZBarUkQC&pg=PA282|accessdate=14 May 2018|language=en}}
6. ^{{cite book|last1=O'Mara|first1=Lesley|title=Cats' Miscellany|date=2011|publisher=Michael O'Mara Books|isbn=9781843177593|page=67|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uyndAgAAQBAJ|accessdate=14 May 2018|language=en}}
7. ^{{cite book|last1=Levi|first1=Peter|title=Edward Lear: A Life|date=2013|publisher=Tauris Parke Paperbacks|isbn=9781780765693|page=314|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EeL4AAAAQBAJ|accessdate=17 May 2018|language=en}}
8. ^{{cite book|last1=Choron|first1=Sandra|last2=Choron|first2=Harry|last3=Moore|first3=Arden|title=Planet Cat: A Cat-Alog|date=2007|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|isbn=0618812598|page=47|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=shAHJQwXslYC|accessdate=14 May 2018|language=en}}
9. ^¹{{cite book|last1=Hampshire|first1=Kristen|last2=Bass|first2=Iris|last3=Paximadis|first3=Lori|title=Cat Lover's Daily Companion: 365 Days of Insight and Guidance for Living a Joyful Life with Your Cat|date=2011|publisher=Quarry Books|isbn=9781592537495|page=27|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MIAc2FQ0CscC|accessdate=14 May 2018|language=en}}
10. ^{{cite news|last1=Parker|first1=Peter|title=A Life of Nonsense|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/05/21/books/a-life-of-nonsense.html|accessdate=15 May 2018|work=The New York Times|date=21 May 1995|language=en}}
11. ^¹{{cite book|last1=Kalda|first1=Sam|title=Of Cats and Men: Profiles of History's Great Cat-Loving Artists, Writers, Thinkers, and Statesmen|date=2017|publisher=Potter/Ten Speed/Harmony/Rodale|isbn=9780399578458|page=23|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QTG5DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA23|accessdate=15 May 2018|language=en}}
12. ^{{cite web|title=Edward Lear|url=http://www.britishlibrary.cn/en/authors/edward-lear/|website=The British Library|accessdate=15 May 2018}}
13. ^¹{{cite news|title=Edward Lear's Grave|url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/edward-lears-grave|accessdate=14 May 2018|work=Atlas Obscura}}
14. ^¹{{cite book|title=Uncle John's Bathroom Reader Cat Lover's Companion|date=2012|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=9781607106562|page=102|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JilZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT102|accessdate=15 May 2018|language=en}}
15. ^{{cite web|last1=Lavan|first1=Rosie|title=The Restless Eye: Edward Lear at the Ashmolean|url=http://www.oxonianreview.org/wp/the-restless-eye/|website=The Oxonian Review|accessdate=15 May 2018|date=10 November 2012}}
16. ^¹{{cite book|last1=Stall|first1=Sam|title=100 Cats Who Changed Civilization: History's Most Influential Felines|date=2007|publisher=Quirk Books|isbn=9781594741630|page=110|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=coXIF8WbEKEC|accessdate=14 May 2018|language=en}}
17. ^{{cite news|last1=Massie|first1=Allan|title=Edward Lear was the master of glorious nonsense|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/9261071/Edward-Lear-was-the-master-of-glorious-nonsense.html|accessdate=14 May 2018|work=The Telegraph|date=12 May 2012}}
18. ^{{cite news|last1=Hart-Davis|first1=Duff|title=Book Review – Oh Bibbles, oh Pips, this will set you purring: The Literary Companion to Dogs – Christopher Hawtree: Sinclair-Stevenson, pounds 25; The Chatto Book of Cats – Francis Wheen: Chatto, pounds 15.99|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/book-review-oh-bibbles-oh-pips-this-will-set-you-purring-the-literary-companion-to-dogs-christopher-1505969.html|accessdate=15 May 2018|work=The Independent|date=22 November 1993}}
19. ^{{cite web|last1=Hughes|first1=Larry|title=Mr. Lear/Al Stewart|url=http://theclassicsrock.blogspot.co.uk/2010/02/mr-learal-stewart.html|website=The Classics Rock|accessdate=14 May 2018}}