| 词条 | Francisco José Múgica |
| 释义 |
Beginnings and revolutionary lifeFrancisco J. Múgica was born in Tingüindín, Michoacán. His father was a school teacher, which meant Múgica had to move from one place to another, causing him to complete his primary education in various schools. After completing his preparatory studies, he began working as a journalist, being a liberal contributor to several newspapers, including Regeneración of Enrique Flores Magón and his brothers. In Zamora, Michoacan, he completed his studies in seminary and started a small opposition newspaper against Porfirio Díaz. Years later, he moved to Mexico City, where he had contact with various figures in conspiracies for the Mexican Revolution; in 1910 he traveled to San Antonio, Texas, to begin the organization of the revolutionary meetings. He joined forces with Pascual Orozco, taking what would become Ciudad Juárez in 1911; then with Lucio Blanco, they started to do the first land distribution in Matamoros, Tamaulipas, in 1913. He was subsequently charged with various military activities, such as being a general and lieutenant to Venustiano Carranza and Alvaro Obregón among others. He led the revolutionary forces in Michoacán, where he met Lázaro Cárdenas, to whom he would be his ideological mentor. His military career led to disagreements with General Obregón, who ordered his assassination. Cárdenas let Múgica to know the intentions of Obregón and allowed escape his executioners. At the end of his military career, he was responsible for the Heroic Military Academy (Mexico), the Commander in the South and was Governor of Tabasco and President of the Military Court.[4] Political CareerMúgica participated in the Constitutional Assembly of 1917; for his positions and his debates with other delegates, he was always remembered as one of the best delegates and fundamental ideologists of the Mexican Revolution. He worked on part of the Constitution concerning matters of religion, politics, economics and education. His ideology would be embodied in Articles 3, 27 and 123 of the Constitution of the United Mexican States. Mugica was made Governor of Michoacán briefly from 1920, to 1921. On 1 December 1934, Lázaro Cárdenas became the president of Mexico and named Múgica as the Secretary of the National Economy. He immediately made himself identifiable as one of the most "Cardenista" cabinet members, compared to those loyal to Plutarco Elías Calles. Cárdenas had begun to de-establish the Maximato by which Elías Calles had exercised command over every president since he left office in 1928. Múgica, a great ally of Cárdenas, helped in breaking the Maximato by creating a crisis in mid-June 1935 by releasing anti-labor statements made by Calles. The unions began strong protests against the figure of Jefe Máximo (Calles), which were immediately exploited to rid his influence on the government to seek and obtain the resignation of his entire cabinet and oust all Callistas. This included Calles's son, the Secretary of Communications and Public Works. Cardenas subsequently appointed Múgica to that post. With elections due to be held in 1940, Múgica was a natural successor to Cárdenas: he was a strong leftist and believed in many of his major reforms. Múgica became a precandidate for the presidency in 1939, but Cárdenas opted for General Manuel Avila Camarcho, a moderate. Múgica was perceived as much more radical than Cárdenas; his supporters saw him as the great consolidator of the social work begun by Cárdenas, while his opponents saw him as a great danger that would make Mexico a copy of the Soviet Union. Múgica withdrew his candidacy and supported Avila Camacho. By 1939, the popularity of Cardenas had fallen seriously. Two figures on the right were arising to challenge the Cárdenas legacy: Joaquín Amaro and Juan Andrew Almazán. Cárdenas then realized that the candidacy of Múgica might not be well received by the country or internationally, and that he needed a centrist candidate that was much less radical, could unify the divided population and, above all, counter the rising popularity of Almazán. For Cárdenas, this represented the candidacy of Manuel Ávila Camacho, the Secretary of Defense; Múgica withdrew his candidacy and endorse Ávila Camacho, with whom he had never had a close relationship. After the 1940 election, serious conflicts and an electoral fraud pulled off the victory for Ávila Camacho over Almazán, Múgica was an uncomfortable character for the new government. He had not only been a great competitor of the new president, but also represented the "old" ideas and reforms from which Ávila Camacho sought to distance himself. However, due to his revolutionary career and power, leaving him out of the government was not feasible. The solution was to appoint him Governor of the Territory of Baja California Sur, one of the most remote, sparsely populated and underdeveloped areas of the country, serving as governor there 1940-1946. Final years and deathYears prior to his death, Múgica was involved in various private activities and running a number of prisons, including the Islas Marías. He died in Mexico City at 69 years of age. References1. ^Roderic Ai Camp, "Francisco José Múgica" in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, vol. 4, p. 131. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996. 2. ^Enrique Krauze, Mexico: Biography of Power. New York: HarperCollins 1997, 442-44. 3. ^Biografía del General Múgica 4. ^Biografía del general Múgica, michoacano ilustre Further reading
3 : 1884 births|1954 deaths|Military personnel from Michoacán |
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