1. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lXGEcVjBET0C&pg=PA258|title=Shake Down the Thunder: The Creation of Notre Dame Football|first=Murray A.|last=Sperber|date=21 June 1993|publisher=Indiana University Press|via=Google Books}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1954/10/03/page/D24/article/whats-that-referee-up-to|title=What's That Referee up to? (October 3, 1954)|publisher=}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1920/03/21/page/A1/article/de-palma-again-shatters-los-angeles-track-mark|title=De Palma Again Shatters Los Angeles Track Mark (March 21, 1920)|publisher=}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.espn.com/magazine/jump_021115_answerguy.html|title=ESPNMAG.com - Why does arms up signal a TD?|website=www.espn.com}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgZZAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA233|title=Sign Talk: A Universal Signal Code, Without Apparatus, for Use in the Army, the Navy, Camping, Hunting, and Daily Life|first1=Ernest Thompson|last1=Seton|first2=Hugh Lenox|last2=Scott|first3=Lillian Delger|last3=Powers|date=21 June 2017|publisher=Doubleday, Page & Company|via=Google Books}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5_PhAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA193|title=The Michigan Alumnus|date=21 June 2017|publisher=UM Libraries|via=Google Books}}
7. ^{{cite news|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1918/07/03/page/12/article/midlothian-miss-wins-event-for-women-golfers|title=Frank Birch, Grid Official, Marries Minnesota Girl|work=Chicago Tribune|date=July 3, 1918}}
8. ^http://politicalgraveyard.com/geo/IL/ofc/sterling.html