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词条 1938 Tour de France
释义

  1. Changes from the previous Tour

  2. Teams

  3. Route and stages

  4. Race overview

  5. Classification leadership

  6. Final standings

     General classification  Mountains classification  Team classification 

  7. Aftermath

  8. Notes

  9. References

  10. Bibliography

  11. External links

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}{{Infobox cycling race report
| name = 1938 Tour de France
| image = Tour de France 1938.png
| image_caption = Route of the 1938 Tour de France followed counterclockwise, starting in Paris
| image_alt =
| image_size = 300px
| date = 5–31 July
| stages = 21, including five split stages
| distance = 4694
| unit = km
| time = 148h 29' 12"
| speed = 31.565
| first = Gino Bartali
| first_nat = ITA
| first_natvar = 1861
| first_color = yellow
| first_team = Italy
| second = Félicien Vervaecke
| second_nat = BEL
| second_natvar =
| second_team = Belgium
| third = Victor Cosson
| third_nat = FRA
| third_natvar =
| third_team = France
| team = Belgium
| mountains = Gino Bartali
| mountains_nat = ITA
| mountains_natvar = 1861
| mountains_team = Italy
| previous = 1937
| next = 1939
}}

The 1938 Tour de France was the 32nd edition of the Tour de France, taking place from 5 July to 31 July. It was composed of 21 stages over {{convert|4694|km|0|abbr=on}}.The race was won by Italian cyclist Gino Bartali, who also won the mountains classification.

Changes from the previous Tour

The bonification system was reduced compared to 1937: the winner of a stage now only received one minute bonification time, added by the margin to the second arriving cyclist, with a maximum of 75 seconds. The cyclists who reached a mountain top that counted towards the mountains classification first, now received only one minute bonification time.[1]

The team trial stages, where the teams departed 15 minutes separately, were removed from the race. They would later return in the 1954 Tour de France, in a different form.[1] Instead, the 1938 Tour de France featured two individual time trials.[3]

In previous years, some cyclists were in teams and other rode individually. In 1937, there had been problems with individual cyclists being accused of helping other cyclists, culminating in the Belgian cyclists leaving the Tour. To avoid these problems, the categories for individual cyclists were removed for the 1938 Tour de France,[1] and the race was contested by national teams. But because there were many French cyclists that did not fit into the national team, there were two extra French teams, the Bleuets and Cadets.[1] The Bleuets was a kind of French "B"-team, while the Cadets consisted of young French promises.[2]

Teams

{{main list|List of teams and cyclists in the 1938 Tour de France}}

The big cycling nations in 1938, Belgium, Italy, Germany and France, each sent a team of 12 cyclists. Other countries, Spain, Luxembourg, Switzerland and the Netherlands, sent smaller teams of six cyclists each. The French had two extra teams of 12 cyclists, the Cadets and Bleuets.[1]

The three most powerful teams were the Belgian, the French and the Italian national team.[3] The Italian team was led by Bartali, who had been close to winning the Tour de France in 1937 until he crashed. The Italian cycling federation had requested him to skip the 1938 Giro d'Italia so he could focus on the Tour de France.[4]

The teams entering the race were:

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
  • Belgium
  • Italy
  • Germany
  • France
  • Spain
  • Switzerland
  • Netherlands
  • Luxembourg
  • France Cadets
  • France Bleuets
{{div col end}}

Route and stages

[5]{{sfn>Augendre|2016|p=36}}[6]
StageDateCourseDistanceType[7]Winner
15 JulyParis to Caen215|km|mi|abbr=on}} Plain stage Willi Oberbeck|GER|Nazi}}
26 JulyCaen to Saint-Brieuc237|km|mi|abbr=on}} Plain stage Jean Majerus|LUX}}
37 July Saint-Brieuc to Nantes 238|km|mi|abbr=on}} Plain stage Gerrit Schulte|NED}}
4a8 July Nantes to La Roche-sur-Yon 62|km|mi|abbr=on}} Plain stage Éloi Meulenberg|BEL}}
4b La Roche-sur-Yon to La Rochelle 83|km|mi|abbr=on}} Plain stage Éloi Meulenberg|BEL}}
4c La Rochelle to Royan 83|km|mi|abbr=on}} Plain stage Félicien Vervaecke|BEL}}
9 JulyRoyanRest day
510 July Royan to Bordeaux 198|km|mi|abbr=on}} Plain stage Éloi Meulenberg|BEL}}
6a11 July Bordeaux to Arcachon 53|km|mi|abbr=on}} Plain stage Jules Rossi|ITA|1861}}
6b Arcachon to Bayonne 171|km|mi|abbr=on}} Plain stage Glauco Servadei|ITA|1861}}
712 July Bayonne to Pau 115|km|mi|abbr=on}} Plain stage Theo Middelkamp|NED}}
13 JulyPauRest day
814 July Pau to Luchon {{convert|193|km|mi|abbr=on}} Stage with mountain(s) Félicien Vervaecke|BEL}}
15 JulyLuchonRest day
916 July Luchon to Perpignan {{convert|260|km|mi|abbr=on}} Stage with mountain(s) Jean Fréchaut|FRA}}
10a17 July Perpignan to Narbonne 63|km|mi|abbr=on}} Plain stage Antoon van Schendel|NED}}
10b Narbonne to Béziers {{convert|27|km|mi|abbr=on}} Individual time trial Félicien Vervaecke|BEL}}
10c Béziers to Montpellier 73|km|mi|abbr=on}} Plain stage Antonin Magne|FRA}}
1118 July Montpellier to Marseille 223|km|mi|abbr=on}} Plain stage Gino Bartali|ITA|1861}}
1219 July Marseille to Cannes 199|km|mi|abbr=on}} Plain stage Jean Fréchaut|FRA}}
20 JulyCannesRest day
1321 July Cannes to Digne {{convert|284|km|mi|abbr=on}} Stage with mountain(s) Dante Gianello|FRA}}
1422 July Digne to Briançon {{convert|219|km|mi|abbr=on}} Stage with mountain(s) Gino Bartali|ITA|1861}}
1523 July Briançon to Aix-les-Bains {{convert|311|km|mi|abbr=on}} Stage with mountain(s) Marcel Kint|BEL}}
24 JulyAix-les-BainsRest day
1625 July Aix-les-Bains to Besançon {{convert|284|km|mi|abbr=on}} Stage with mountain(s) Marcel Kint|BEL}}
17a26 July Besançon to Belfort 89|km|mi|abbr=on}} Plain stage Émile Masson Jr.|BEL}}
17b Belfort to Strasbourg 143|km|mi|abbr=on}} Plain stage Jean Fréchaut|FRA}}
1827 July Strasbourg to Metz 186|km|mi|abbr=on}} Plain stage Marcel Kint|BEL}}
1928 July Metz to Reims 196|km|mi|abbr=on}} Plain stage Fabien Galateau|FRA}}
28 JulyReimsRest day
20a30 July Reims to Laon 48|km|mi|abbr=on}} Plain stage Glauco Servadei|ITA|1861}}
20b Laon to Saint-Quentin {{convert|42|km|mi|abbr=on}} Individual time trial Félicien Vervaecke|BEL}}
20c Saint-Quentin to Lille 107|km|mi|abbr=on}} Plain stage François Neuville|BEL}}
2131 July Lille to Paris 279|km|mi|abbr=on}} Plain stage Antonin Magne|FRA}}
{{flagathlete|André Leducq|FRA}}[8]
Total{{convert|4694|km|0|abbr=on}}{{sfn|Augendre|2016|p=108}}

Race overview

{{main|1938 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 10c|1938 Tour de France, Stage 11 to Stage 21}}

Before the Pyrénées, all the favourites remained calm. André Leducq did not lose much time in the first stages, and when he got in a breakaway in the second part of the sixth stage, he took over the lead from Jean Majerus.[3] In the eighth stage, Gino Bartali attacked, and dropped everybody. On the descent of the Col d'Aspin, his wheel collapsed, and Félicien Vervaecke and Ward Vissers overtook him. Bartali came back to finish in third place, but Vervaecke took the lead in the general classification.[2] In that stage, former winner Georges Speicher was caught holding on to a car, and was removed from the race.[3]

After that stage, Bartali was in second place in the general classification. He won some time on Vervaecke because of bonifications for reaching the tops of the Portet d'Aspet and the Braus first and winning the 11th stage, but lost some time in the individual time trial in stage 10b.[3]

In the fourteenth stage, Bartali attacked again, and gained 17 minutes on Vervaecke and 20 on Vissers. Bartali was now leader of the race.[2]

Before the next stage, Bartali felt poorly. His team director, Costante Girardengo, told him not to force himself. Bartali let the others get away on the first mountains, but during the descent of the Iseran, Bartali went as fast as he could, and reach his concurrents. During that stage, Mathias Clemens, who started the stage in second place, lost a lot of time, so Vervaecke was back in second place, 20 minutes behind Bartali.[3]

In the rest of the race, Bartali defended his lead with ease. Vervaecke won back some time in the last individual time trial, but that was not enough to endanger Bartali's lead.

In the last stage, Antonin Magne (winner of the Tour de France in 1931 and 1934) and André Leducq (winner of the Tour de France in 1930 and 1932) escaped together, and crossed the finish line together. The Tour jury declared them both winner.[5] This was Leducq's 25th and final stage victory.[2] For both cyclists it was also the last stage they ever rode in the Tour de France.[9][10]

Classification leadership

The time that each cyclist required to finish each stage was recorded, and these times were added together for the general classification. If a cyclist had received a time bonus, it was subtracted from this total; all time penalties were added to this total. The cyclist with the least accumulated time was the race leader, identified by the yellow jersey.

For the mountains classification, 12 mountains were selected by the Tour organisation. The Iseran was included for the first time in 1938.[5] On the top of these mountains, ten points were given for the first cyclist to pass, nine points to the second cyclist, and so on, until the tenth cyclist who got one point. The mountains classification in 1938 was won by Gino Bartali. Bartali was the first cyclist to win the general classification and the mountains classification of the Tour de France in the same year.[11]

The team classification was calculated in 1938 by adding up the times of the best three cyclists of a team; the team with the least time was the winner. In 1938, there were eight teams of twelve cyclists. Belgium, Italy, Germany and France had a team, Luxembourg and Switzerland both supplied six cyclists for a combined team, as did Spain and the Netherlands, and there were two extra French teams, the bleuets and the cadets.[5] The bleuets were also described as "France B", and the cadets as "France C".

Classification leadership by stage[12]
StageWinnerGeneral classification
Mountains classification{{refn|No jersey was awarded to the leader of the mountains classification until a white jersey with red polka dots was introduced in 1975.[13]|group="n"|name="mountains-jersey"Team classification
1 Willi OberbeckWilli Oberbeckno award Germany
2 Jean MajerusJean MajerusFrance
3 Gerrit Schulte
4a Éloi Meulenberg
4b Éloi Meulenberg
4c Félicien Vervaecke
5 Éloi Meulenberg
6a Jules Rossi
6b Glauco ServadeiAndré Leducq
7 Theo Middelkamp
8 Félicien VervaeckeFélicien VervaeckeGino BartaliBelgium
9 Jean Fréchaut
10a Antoon van Schendel
10b Félicien Vervaecke
10c Antonin Magne
11 Gino Bartali
12 Jean Fréchaut
13 Dante Gianello
14 Gino BartaliGino Bartali
15 Marcel Kint
16 Marcel Kint
17a Émile Masson Jr.
17b Jean Fréchaut
18 Marcel Kint
19 Fabien Galateau
20a Glauco Servadei
20b Félicien Vervaecke
20c François Neuville
21 Antonin Magne
André Leducq
FinalGino Bartali Gino Bartali Belgium

Final standings

General classification

Final general classification (1–10)[5][14]
RankRiderTeamTime
1Gino Bartali|ITA|1861}}Italy148h 29' 12"
2Félicien Vervaecke|BEL}}Belgium + 18' 27"
3Victor Cosson|FRA}}France+ 29' 26"
4Ward Vissers|BEL}}Belgium+ 35' 08"
5Matt Clemens|LUX}}Luxembourg+ 42' 08"
6Mario Vicini|ITA|1861}}Italy+ 44' 59"
7Jules Lowie|BEL}}Belgium+ 48' 56"
8Antonin Magne|FRA}}France+ 49' 00"
9Marcel Kint|BEL}}Belgium+ 59' 49"
10Dante Gianello|FRA}}Bleuets+ 1h 06' 47"

Mountains classification

{{columns-start}}
[5]{{sfn>Augendre|2016|pp=175–192}}
StageRiderHeightMountain rangeWinner
8Aubisque1709|m|ft}}PyrénéesGino Bartali
8Tourmalet2115|m|ft}}PyrénéesGino Bartali
8Aspin1489|m|ft}}PyrénéesGino Bartali
8Peyresourde1569|m|ft}}PyrénéesFélicien Vervaecke
9Portet d'Aspet1069|m|ft}}PyrénéesGino Bartali
13Braus1002|m|ft}}Alps-MaritimesGino Bartali
14Allos2250|m|ft}}AlpsGino Bartali
14Vars2110|m|ft}}AlpsGino Bartali
14Izoard2361|m|ft}}AlpsGino Bartali
15Galibier2556|m|ft}}AlpsMario Vicini
15Iseran2770|m|ft}}AlpsFélicien Vervaecke
16Faucille1320|m|ft}}AlpsGino Bartali
{{column}}
Final mountains classification (1–5)[5][15]
RankRiderTeamPoints
1Gino Bartali|ITA|1861}}Italy107
2Félicien Vervaecke|BEL}}Belgium79
3Edward Vissers|BEL}}Belgium76
4Dante Gianello|FRA}}Bleuets57
5Victor Cosson|FRA}}France55
{{columns-end}}

Team classification

Final team classification (1–8)[2][16]
RankTeamTime
1 Belgium 447h 10' 07"
2 France + 43' 29"
3 Italy + 44' 06"
4 Luxembourg/Switzerland + 3h 02' 29"
5 Cadets + 3h 11' 31"
6 Spain/Netherlands + 3h 15' 29"
7 Bleuets + 4h 04' 49"
8 Germany + 7h 05' 57"

Aftermath

Because of the political tensions in Europe before the Second World War, Italy did not send a team to the 1939 Tour de France, so Bartali was unable to defend his title.[17] After the war, the Tour de France resumed in 1947. In 1948, Bartali won his second Tour, becoming the first and so far only cyclist to win editions of the Tour de France ten years apart.{{sfn|Augendre|2016|pp=108–109}}

Notes

1. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.historischekranten.be/issue/DHA/1938-01-02/edition/null/page/9?query=%22ronde%20van%20frankrijk%22&period=1903-1939&sort=issuedate%20ascending|title=De Ronde van Frankrijk|language=Dutch|date=2 January 1938|accessdate=21 May 2014|work=De Halle}}
2. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web|url=http://www.veloarchive.com/races/tour/1938.php|title=1938: A final fling for les Bleus|author=Tom James|publisher=VeloArchive|date=15 August 2003|accessdate=20 January 2010}}
3. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite book|title=The Story of the Tour De France|last=McGann|first=Bill|author2=McGann, Carol|isbn=978-1-59858-180-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jxq20JskqMUC&pg=PA139#v=onepage |publisher=dog ear publishing|year=2006|pages=139–144|accessdate=2010-01-22}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cyclingrevealed.com/timeline/Race%20Snippets/TdF/TdF1938.htm|title=Gino "the Pious" Climbs to Victory|year=2004|accessdate=22 January 2010|publisher=Cycling revealed}}
5. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 {{cite web|url=http://memoire-du-cyclisme.net/eta_tdf_1903_1939/tdf1938.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306131829/http://memoire-du-cyclisme.net/eta_tdf_1903_1939/tdf1938.php|archive-date=2012-03-06|access-date=28 October 2016|df=dmy-all|dead-url=yes|publisher=Mémoire du cyclisme|title=32ème Tour de France 1938|language=French}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cvccbike.com/tour/top_ten.html#1938 |title=Tour de France GC top ten |author=Arian Zwegers |publisher=CVCC |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5gWiBhPaH?url=http://www.cvccbike.com/tour/top_ten.html |archivedate=4 May 2009 |deadurl=no |accessdate=2009-04-20 |df=dmy }}
7. ^The icons shown here indicate whether the stage was run as a time trial, the stage was flat or the stage included mountains for the mountains classification.
8. ^Magne and Leducq were both declared winners of stage 21.
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.letour.fr/HISTO/us/TDF/coureur/2359.html|title=The Tour - André Leducq|publisher=Amaury Sport Organisation|accessdate=20 January 2010}}
10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.letour.fr/HISTO/us/TDF/coureur/2363.html|title=The Tour - Antonin Magne|publisher=Amaury Sport Organisation|accessdate=20 January 2010}}
11. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6vVS_Y1mcIEC&pg=PT112|page=73|title=Encyclopedia of contemporary Italian culture|last= Moliterno|first=Gino|year=2000|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=0-415-14584-8}}
12. ^{{cite web|last=van den Akker|first=Pieter|title=Informatie over de Tour de France van 1938|trans-title=Information about the Tour de France from 1938|url=http://www.tourdefrancestatistieken.nl/tour.php?jaar=1938|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302050019/http://www.tourdefrancestatistieken.nl/tour.php?jaar=1938|archivedate=2 March 2019|language=Dutch|website=TourDeFranceStatistieken.nl|accessdate=2 March 2019|dead-url=no}}
13. ^{{cite news|last=Cunningham|first=Josh|title=History of the Tour de France jerseys|url=http://www.cyclist.co.uk/in-depth/1409/history-of-the-tour-de-france-jerseys|accessdate=2 October 2016|work=Cyclist|publisher=Dennis Publishing|date=4 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026180408/http://www.cyclist.co.uk/in-depth/1409/history-of-the-tour-de-france-jerseys|archive-date=26 October 2016|dead-url=no}}
14. ^{{cite news|url=http://hemeroteca.elmundodeportivo.es/preview/1938/08/01/pagina-2/620815/pdf.html|title=La clasificacion international|language=Spanish|date=1 August 1938|publisher=El mundo deportivo|page=2|accessdate=2009-10-13}}
15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.tour-giro-vuelta.net/|title=Tour-Giro-Vuelta|accessdate=13 October 2009}}
16. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.archiefleeuwardercourant.nl/site/article.do?code=LC&date=19380801&id=LC-19380801-12004|title=De Ronde van Frankrijk door Bartali gewonnen|date=1 August 1938|accessdate=13 October 2009|publisher=Leeuwarder Courant|language=Dutch}}
17. ^{{cite web|url=http://memoire-du-cyclisme.net/eta_tdf_1903_1939/tdf1939.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306131903/http://memoire-du-cyclisme.net/eta_tdf_1903_1939/tdf1939.php|archive-date=2012-03-06|access-date=28 October 2016|df=dmy-all|dead-url=yes|publisher=Mémoire du cyclisme|title=33ème Tour de France 1939|language=French}}

References

{{Reflist|30em}}

Bibliography

  • {{cite book|first=Jacques|last=Augendre|author-link=Jacques Augendre|url=http://netstorage.lequipe.fr/ASO/cyclisme/le-tour/2016/histoire/TDF16_GH_Interactif-PROD.pdf|title=Guide historique|trans-title=Historical guide|year=2016|language=French|access-date=27 October 2016|format=PDF|work=Tour de France|location=Paris|publisher=Amaury Sport Organisation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817121602/http://netstorage.lequipe.fr/ASO/cyclisme/le-tour/2016/histoire/TDF16_GH_Interactif-PROD.pdf|archive-date=17 August 2016|dead-url=no|ref={{harvid|Augendre|2016}}}}

External links

{{commons category-inline|Tour de France 1938|1938 Tour de France}}{{Cycling stage recaps|1938 Tour de France|1|10c|11|21}}{{Tour de France}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Tour De France}}

5 : 1938 Tour de France|1938 in road cycling|1938 in French sport|Tour de France by year|July 1938 sports events
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