“1939 in the United Kingdom”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Events from the year 1939 in the United Kingdom. This year sees the start of the Second World War, ending the Interwar period.

Events

January–June

2 January – The all-time highest attendance for a British association football league game is set as 118,567 people watch Rangers beat Celtic in an "Old Firm derby" played at Ibrox Park in Glasgow.^[1]

4 February – The Irish Republican Army bombs two London Underground stations, Tottenham Court Road and Leicester Square, injuring seven, two seriously.^[2]^[3]

25 February – The first Anderson shelter is built in London.^[4]

27 February – Borley Rectory, a reputed haunted house, is destroyed by fire.^[4]

31 March – Britain pledges support to Poland in the event of an invasion.^[5]

4 April – The Royal Armoured Corps is formed.

11 April – The Women's Royal Naval Service is re-established.^[6]

27 April – The Military Training Act (coming into force 3 June) introduces conscription; men aged 20 and 21 must undertake six months military training.^[7]

May–September –The Sutton Hoo treasure – an Anglo-Saxon ship burial – is excavated. On 28 July the Sutton Hoo helmet is uncovered. The principal treasures are presented to the British Museum by the landowner, Edith Pretty, at this time its largest ever gift from a living donor.^[8]

6 May – Dorothy Garrod is elected to the Disney Professorship of Archaeology in the University of Cambridge, the first woman to hold an Oxbridge chair.^[9]

15 May – The film Goodbye, Mr. Chips is released, for which actor Robert Donat would win the Academy Award for Best Actor.

17 May – George VI and Queen Elizabeth arrive in Quebec City to begin the first-ever visit to Canada by a reigning British sovereign.

1 June – The submarine HMS Thetis sinks during trials in Liverpool Bay. 99 men are lost.^[10]

7 June – George VI and Queen Elizabeth visit New York City on the first visit to the United States by a reigning British sovereign.^[4]

14 June – 20 August: Tientsin Incident – the Imperial Japanese Army blockades British trading settlements in the north China treaty port of Tientsin.

28 June – The Women's Auxiliary Air Force is created, absorbing the forty-eight RAF companies of the Auxiliary Territorial Service which have been formed since 1938.^[11]

30 June – The Mersey Ferry stops running to Rock Ferry.^[4]

July–September

1 July – Women's Land Army re-formed to work in agriculture.^[12]

8 July – the Pan American Airways Boeing 314 flying boat Yankee Clipper inaugurates the world's first heavier-than-air North Atlantic air passenger service between the United States and Britain (Southampton).

26 July – the Barber Institute of Fine Arts at the University of Birmingham, designed by Robert Atkinson, is officially opened by Queen Mary.^[13]^[14]

5 August – weekly transatlantic flights scheduled by Imperial Airways; suspended in September.^[5]{{Verify source|date=August 2015}}

19 August – Sir Malcolm Campbell sets the water speed record in Blue Bird K4 on Coniston Water.

23 August–2 September – most paintings evacuated from the National Gallery in London to Wales.^[15]

24 August – Emergency Powers (Defence) Act 1939 gives full authority to 'defence regulations'.^[5] Parliament recalled, Army reservists called up and Civil Defence workers placed on alert.

25 August – An Irish Republican Army bomb explodes in Coventry, killing 5 and injuring 70.^[16]

30 August – Royal Navy proceeds to war stations.

1 September

"Operation Pied Piper": 4-day evacuation of children from London and other major U.K. cities begins.^[17]
Blackout imposed across Britain.^[5]
The Army is officially mobilised.
The BBC Home Service begins broadcasting^[4] but BBC Television shuts down until 1946.

3 September – World War II

Declaration of war by the United Kingdom on Nazi Germany following the German invasion of Poland on 1 September.^[4] Shortly after 11.00, Chamberlain announces this news on BBC Radio, speaking from 10 Downing Street. Twenty minutes later, air raid sirens sound in London (a false alarm). Chamberlain creates a small War Cabinet which includes Winston Churchill as First Lord of the Admiralty.
General mobilisation of the armed services begins. The signal "Total Germany" is sent to ships.
National Service (Armed Forces) Act passed by Parliament introduces National Service for all men aged 18 to 41.^[18]
British liner {{SS|Athenia}} becomes the first civilian casualty of the war when she is torpedoed and sunk by {{GS|U-30|1936|6}} between Rockall and Tory Island. Of the 1,418 aboard, 98 passengers and 19 crew are killed.^[19]
In the week beginning today 400,000 pets are euthanised.^[20]

4 September – first bombing of Wilhelmshaven in World War II by Royal Air Force Vickers Wellingtons.

5 September – National Registration Act.^[21]

9 September – British Expeditionary Force crosses to France.^[5]

10 September – British submarine {{HMS|Triton|N15|6}} torpedoes and sinks another British submarine, {{HMS|Oxley}}, believing her to be a German U-boat, with the loss of 52 crew.

16 September – the Duke of Windsor is appointed a major-general attached to the British Military Mission to France.^[22]

17 September – aircraft carrier {{HMS|Courageous|50|6}} is torpedoed and sunk by {{GS|U-29|1936|6}} in the Western Approaches with the loss of 519 crew, the first British warship loss of the War.

18 September – Fascist politician William Joyce begins broadcasting Nazi propaganda under the name Lord Haw-Haw.^[4]

19 September – popular radio comedy show It's That Man Again with Tommy Handley first broadcast on the BBC Home service, following trial broadcasts from 12 July.^[5]^[23] Known as "ITMA", it runs for ten years.

24 September – petrol rationing introduced.^[5]

26 September – flying from {{HMS|Ark Royal|91|6}} in the North Sea, Lieutenant B. S. McEwen of the Fleet Air Arm scores the first British victory over a German aircraft of the war, shooting down a flying boat. The aircraft carrier comes under air attack but survives.^[24]

27 September – first war tax is revealed by the Cabinet, including a significant rise in income taxes.

29 September – national register of citizens compiled to support the introduction of identity cards and rationing.^[21]

30 September – Identity cards introduced.^[5]

October–December

1 October – call-up proclamation: All men aged 20–21 must register with the military authorities.

14 October – HMS Royal Oak sunk by a German U-boat in Scapa Flow, Orkney Islands with the loss of 833 crew.^[4]

16 October – first enemy aircraft shot down by RAF Fighter Command, a Junkers Ju 88 brought down into the sea by Spitfires following an attack on Rosyth Naval Dockyard in Scotland.^[25]

17 October – first bomb lands in the U.K., at Hoy in the Orkney Islands.^[26]

21 October – registration of men aged 20 to 23 for National Service begins.^[18]

30 October – British battleship {{HMS|Nelson|28|6}} is unsuccessfully attacked by {{GS|U-56|1938|2}} under the command of captain Wilhelm Zahn off Orkney and is hit by three torpedoes, none of which explode; Winston Churchill (First Lord of the Admiralty), Admiral of the Fleet Dudley Pound (First Sea Lord) and Admiral Charles Forbes (Commander-in-Chief Home Fleet) are onboard.^[27]

4 November – Stewart Menzies is appointed head of the Secret Intelligence Service.

8 November – Venlo Incident: two British agents of SIS are captured by the Germans.

23 November – British armed merchantman {{HMS|Rawalpindi}} is sunk in the GIUK gap in an action against the German battleships {{ship|German battleship|Scharnhorst||2}} and {{ship|German battleship|Gneisenau||2}}.

24 November – British Overseas Airways Corporation formed by merger of Imperial Airways and British Airways Ltd. effective from 1 April 1940.

4 December

{{HMS|Nelson|28|6}} strikes a mine (laid by {{GS|U-31|1936|2}}) off the coast of Scotland and is laid up for repairs until August 1940.
German submarine U-36 is torpedoed and sunk by British submarine HMS Salmon off Stavanger, the first enemy submarine lost to a British one during the War.

9 December – first soldier of the British Expeditionary Force killed: Corporal Thomas Priday triggers a French land mine.

12 December – escorting destroyer {{HMS|Duchess|H64}} sinks after a collision with battleship {{HMS|Barham|04}} off the Mull of Kintyre in heavy fog with the loss of 124 men.^[28]

13 December – the Battle of the River Plate takes place between {{HMS|Exeter|68|6}}, {{HMS|Ajax|22|6}}, {{HMNZS|Achilles|70|6}} and the German cruiser Admiral Graf Spee,^[4] forcing the latter to scuttle herself on 17 December.

18 December – Battle of the Heligoland Bight: RAF Bomber Command, on a daylight mission to attack Kriegsmarine ships in the Heligoland Bight, is repulsed by Luftwaffe fighter aircraft.

December – Pilgrim Trust establishes Committee for the Encouragement of Music and the Arts, predecessor of the Arts Council.

Publications

H. E. Bates' short story collection My Uncle Silas.

Joyce Carey's novel Mister Johnson.

James Hadley Chase's thriller No Orchids for Miss Blandish.

Agatha Christie's novels Murder Is Easy and And Then There Were None.

Henry Green's novel Party Going.

Aldous Huxley's novel After Many a Summer.

Richard Llewellyn's novel How Green Was My Valley.

Jan Struther's short story collection Mrs. Miniver.

Poetry London: a Bi-Monthly of Modern Verse and Criticism, founded by Tambimuttu, first published (January/February).

Births

20 January – Chandra Wickramasinghe, Ceylonese-born British astronomer and poet

5 February – Derek Wadsworth, jazz trombonist and composer (died 2008)

10 February – Peter Purves, actor and television presenter

8 March – Christopher Story, editor and intelligence analyst (died 2010)

9 March – John Howard Davies, child screen actor and television comedy director (died 2011)

17 March – Robin Knox-Johnston, yachtsman

7 April – David Frost, television personality (died 2013)^[29]

12 April – Alan Ayckbourn, playwright

13 April – Seamus Heaney, Irish poet, winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature (died 2013)^[30]

22 April – Alex Murphy, English rugby league footballer and coach

4 May – Neil Fox, rugby league footballer

7 May – David Hatch, radio broadcaster and actor (died 2007)

10 May – Bill Cash, English lawyer and politician

31 May – Terry Waite, humanitarian, author and hostage

5 June – Margaret Drabble, novelist and biographer

8 June – Francis Jacobs, English lawyer and judge

11 June

Rachael Heyhoe Flint, England cricketer (died 2017)
Jackie Stewart, Scottish racing driver

14 June – Peter Mayle, writer (died 2018)

19 June – Michael Standing, actor

10 July – John Dunlop, racehorse trainer (died 2018)

4 August – Jack Cunningham, politician

15 August – Bill Wratten, air marshal

16 August – Carole Shelley, actress (died 2018)

19 August

Alan Baker, mathematician (died 2018)^[31]
Ginger Baker, rock drummer

30 August – John Peel, disc jockey and radio presenter (died 2004)

25 September – Leon Brittan, politician (died 2015)

27 September – Nicholas Haslam, interior designer

29 September – Rhodri Morgan, Welsh politician (died 2017)

7 October – Harry Kroto, organic chemist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (died 2016)

19 October – David George Clark, Baron Clark, politician

27 October – John Cleese, comic actor

4 November – Michael Meacher, politician (died 2015).^[32]

8 November – Elizabeth Dawn, actress (died 2017)

11 November – Alf Adams, physicist

12 November – Terry McDonald, footballer and coach

18 November – Margaret Jay, Baroness Jay of Paddington, born Margaret Callaghan, politician

16 December – Gordon Miller, Olympic high jumper

20 December – Tony Bentley, footballer

26 December – Carol M. Black, physician and academic

Deaths

9 January – Edwin Farley, mayor (born 1864)

2 March – Howard Carter, archaeologist (born 1874)

9 May – Sophie Williams, previously Mary, Lady Heath, aviator and athlete (born 1896)

25 June – Richard Seaman, racing driver (car crash) (born 1913)

26 June – Ford Madox Ford, novelist, poet, critic and editor (born 1873)

6 September – Arthur Rackham, illustrator (born 1867)

19 September – Ethel M. Dell, romantic fiction writer (born 1881)

3 December – Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll, daughter of Queen Victoria (born 1848)

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/news/y=2009/m=2/news=old-firm-enduring-appeal-1023776.html|title=Old Firm's enduring appeal|website=FIFA.com|publisher=FIFA|date=16 April 2016|accessdate=13 June 2018|quote=The clubs [Celtic and Rangers] also hold the British record attendance for a league match - 118,567 at Ibrox on 2 January 1939}}
2. ^{{cite journal|last1=Bodwen|first1=Tom|date=1976|title=The IRA and the changing tactics of terrorism|journal=Political Quarterly|volume=47|issue=4|pages=425-437|doi=10.1111/j.1467-923X.1976.tb02203.x}}
3. ^{{cite newspaper The Times|articlename=London Bomb Outrages|date=4 February 1939|page_number=12|issue=48221|column=D}}
4. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸{{cite book|title=Penguin Pocket OnThis Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006}}
5. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|author2=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=385–386|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}
6. ^{{cite book|title=The WRNS: a history of the Women's Royal Naval Service|first=Marjorie H.|last=Fletcher|location=London|publisher=Batsford|year=1989|isbn=0-7134-6185-3|page=90}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/timeline/factfiles/nonflash/a1138664.shtml?sectionId=1&articleId=1138664|title=WW2 People's War Timeline, BBC|accessdate=2008-03-02}}
8. ^Libraries and Culture, Stanley Chodorow
9. ^{{cite web|first=Jane|last=Callander|title=Garrod, Dorothy Annie Elizabeth (1892–1968)|work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/37443|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/37443|accessdate=2011-02-14}} {{ODNBsub}}
10. ^{{cite book|first1=C.E.T.|last1=Warren|first2=James|last2=Benson|title="The Admiralty regrets ...": the story of His Majesty's submarine Thetis and Thunderbolt|location=London|publisher=Harrap|year=1958}}
11. ^{{cite book|last=Narracot|first=A.H.|title=How The R.A.F. Works|publisher=Frederick Muller Ltd|year=1941|page=108 (n115)|chapter=9 – Woman in Blue|url=https://archive.org/details/howtherafworks030792mbp|accessdate=2009-07-30}}
12. ^{{cite book|last=Twinch|first=Carol|title=Women on the Land: their story during two World Wars|location=Cambridge|publisher=Lutterworth Press|year=1990|isbn=0-7188-2814-3|page=67}}
13. ^{{cite encyclopedia|last=Spencer-Longhurst|first=Paul|encyclopedia=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|title=Atkinson, Robert (1883–1952)|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/38347|accessdate=2010-12-31|year=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/38347}}
14. ^{{cite news|work=The Times|location=London|date=25 July 1939|page=17|issue= 48366|title=The Barber Institute: A Cultural Centre For Birmingham}}
15. ^{{cite book|first=Suzanne|last=Bosman|title=The National Gallery in Wartime|location=London|publisher=National Gallery Company|year=2008|isbn=978-1-85709-424-4|page=25}}
16. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-coventry-warwickshire-28191501|title=Coventry IRA bombing: The 'forgotten' attack on a British city|publisher=BBC|website=BBC News|last=Scott|first=Jenny|date=25 August 2014|accessdate=30 March 2018}}
17. ^{{cite web|title=The Evacuated Children Of The Second World War|first=Laura|last=Clouting|url=http://www.iwm.org.uk/history/the-evacuated-children-of-the-second-world-war|publisher=Imperial War Museum|location=London|accessdate=2015-08-19}}
18. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/2WWconscription.htm|title=Conscription|publisher=Spartacus Educational|accessdate=2008-03-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020218035548/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/2WWconscription.htm|archive-date=18 February 2002|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}
19. ^{{cite book|last=Brennecke|first=Jochen|title=The Hunters and the Hunted|publisher=Naval Institute Press|year=2003|pages=15–16|isbn=1-59114-091-9}}
20. ^{{cite book|first=Hilda|last=Kean|authorlink = Hilda Kean|title=The Great Cat and Dog Massacre|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=2017|isbn=978-0-226-31832-5}}
21. ^¹{{cite web|title=1939: An emergency population count in wartime|url=http://2011.census.gov.uk/1939:-An-emergency-population-count-in-wartime|work=2011 Census|year=2011|accessdate=2011-02-13}}
22. ^{{cite web|authorlink=Colin Matthew|last=Matthew|first=H. C. G.|year=2004|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/31061|title=Edward VIII, later Prince Edward, duke of Windsor (1894–1972)|work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/31061|accessdate=2012-03-08}}
23. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/historyofthebbc/resources/factsheets/1930s.pdf|title=The BBC Story – 1930s|accessdate=2010-05-31}}
24. ^{{cite book|last=Sturtivant|first=Ray|title=British Naval Aviation: The Fleet Air Arm, 1917-1990|location=Annapolis, Maryland|publisher=Naval Institute Press|year=1990|isbn=0-87021-026-2|pages=33–34}}
25. ^{{cite web|first=George|last=Duncan|title=Lesser-Known Facts of World War II|url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~gduncan/index.html|accessdate=2012-01-19}}
26. ^{{cite book|first=Peter|last=Doyle|title=ARP and Civil Defence in the Second World War|location=Oxford|publisher=Shire Publications|year=2010|isbn=978-0-7478-0765-0|page=9}}
27. ^{{cite book|title=No Phoney War|first=Stephen|last=Flower|location=Stroud|publisher=Amberley|year=2011|isbn=978-1-84868-960-2}}
28. ^{{cite book|last=English|first=John|title=Amazon to Ivanhoe: British Standard Destroyers of the 1930s|year=1993|publisher=World Ship Society|location=Kendal|isbn=0-905617-64-9}}
29. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2013/sep/01/sir-david-frost|title=Sir David Frost obituary|newspaper=The Guardian|first=Stuart|last=Jeffries|date=1 September 2013|accessdate=13 June 2018}}
30. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/aug/30/seamus-heaney|title=Seamus Heaney obituary|newspaper=The Guardian|first=Neil|last=Cocoran|date=30 August 2013|accessdate=13 June 2018}}
31. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/apr/09/alan-baker-obituary|title=Alan Baker obituary|newspaper=The Guardian|location=London|first=Gisbert|last=Wüstholz|date=9 April 2018|accessdate=13 June 2018}}
32. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.scotsman.com/news/obituaries/obituary-michael-meacher-politician-1-3924002|title=Obituary: Michael Meacher, politician|newspaper=The Scotsman|first=Alasdair|last=Steven|date=22 October 2015|accessdate=13 June 2018}}

Incumbents