“1940 in the United Kingdom”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Events from the year 1940 in the United Kingdom. The year was dominated by Britain's involvement in the Second World War, which commenced in September the previous year, as well as the numerous enemy air raids on Britain and thousands of subsequent casualties. Although the war continued, Britain did triumph in the Battle of Britain and foiled Nazi Germany's invasion attempt.

Events

1 January – World War II: Britain calls up 2,000,000 19- to 27-year-olds for military service.

3 January – Unity Mitford, daughter of David Freeman-Mitford, 2nd Baron Redesdale, and fervent admirer of Adolf Hitler, having attempted suicide, returns to England from Germany (via Switzerland); she is carried down the gangplank of the cross-channel ferry at Folkestone on a stretcher.

5 January – Oliver Stanley replaces Leslie Hore-Belisha as Secretary of State for War.

8 January – Food rationing introduced.^[1]

9 January – World War II: liner Dunbar Castle of the Union Castle Line hits a mine in the English Channel and sinks with the loss of 9 men (2 dead and 7 missing).

17 January – A wave of freezing weather afflicting most of Europe leads to the River Thames freezing for the first time since 1888.

18 January – Explosion at Waltham Abbey Royal Gunpowder Mills (five killed).^[2]

26–30 January – Severe ice storm across the UK.^[2]

3 February – A Heinkel He 111 bomber is the first German plane shot down over England.

16 February – Altmark Incident: Royal Navy destroyer {{HMS|Cossack|F03}} pursues German tanker Altmark into the neutral waters of Jøssingfjord in southwestern Norway and frees the 290 British seamen held aboard.

26 January – British battleship {{HMS|Barham|04}} is torpedoed by a U-boat but suffers only minor damage.

March – Frisch–Peierls memorandum: Otto Frisch and Rudolf Peierls, at this time working at the University of Birmingham, calculate that an atomic bomb could be produced using very much less enriched uranium than has previously been supposed, making it a practical proposition.^[3]

3–9 March – {{RMS|Queen Elizabeth}} makes her maiden voyage on delivery from Clydebank to New York.

11 March – Rationing of meat introduced.

16 March – First civilian casualty of bombing in the UK, on Orkney.^[4]

29 March – Metal security threads added to £1 notes to prevent forgeries.^[1]

31 March – 33 fascist sympathisers, including Oswald Mosley, are interned.^[5]

5 April – Neville Chamberlain declares in a public speech that Hitler has "missed the bus".

9 April – British campaign in Norway commences following Operation Weserübung, the German invasion of neutral Denmark and Norway.

12–13 April – British occupation of the Faroe Islands, following the German invasion of Denmark, to avert a possible German occupation of the islands.

23 April – The War Budget sees the introduction of Purchase Tax and an increase in tobacco duties.

2 May – Last British and French troops evacuated from Norway following failure in the Norwegian Campaign.^[6]

7–8 May – Norway Debate in the House of Commons. Strong opposition to the Chamberlain ministry's conduct of the war make it impossible for him to continue as Prime Minister.

9 May

In private discussions, Viscount Halifax rules himself out as successor to Chamberlain in favour of Winston Churchill.^[7]
Guy Lloyd wins the East Renfrewshire by-election for the Unionist Party (Scotland).

10 May

Neville Chamberlain resigns as Prime Minister, and is replaced by Winston Churchill with a coalition war ministry.^[1]
British Invasion of Iceland, following the German invasion of Denmark and Norway, to avert a possible German occupation of the island, in violation of Iceland's neutrality.

13 May – Winston Churchill makes his famous "I have nothing to offer you but blood, toil, tears, and sweat" speech to the House of Commons.

13–14 May – Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands and her government are evacuated to London using HMS Hereward following the German invasion of the Low Countries.

14 May – Recruitment begins for a home defence force – the Local Defence Volunteers, renamed as the Home Guard from 23 July.^[1]

16 May – Large-scale alien internment begins.

22 May – Parliament passes the Emergency Powers (Defence) Act 1940 giving the government full control over all persons and property.

23 May – Parliament passes the Treachery Act 1940 to facilitate the prosecution and execution of enemy spies.

24 May – Anglo-French Supreme War Council decides to withdraw all forces under its control from Norway.

26 May–4 June – The Dunkirk evacuation of British Expeditionary Force takes place. 300,000 troops are evacuated from France to England.

28 May – May 1940 War Cabinet Crisis: Churchill wins the War Cabe day after tinet round to his view that there should be no peace negotiations with Hitler, contrary to the view of his Foreign Secretary, Viscount Halifax.^[7]

4 June – Churchill makes his We shall fight on the beaches speech to the House of Commons.^[1]

5 June – Novelist J. B. Priestley broadcasts his first radio Postscript, on Wednesday the day after the Dunkirk Evacuations finished, "An excursion to hell", on the BBC Home Service, marking the role of the pleasure steamers in the Dunkirk Evacuation.

7 June – King Haakon VII of Norway and his government are evacuated to London on HMS Devonshire.^[6]

9 June – The Commandos are created.

10 June – Italy declares war on France and the United Kingdom.

11 June – The Western Desert Campaign opens with British forces crossing the Frontier Wire into Italian Libya.

12 June – Over 10,000 soldiers of the 51st (Highland) Division under General Victor Fortune surrender to Rommel at Saint-Valery-en-Caux.^[8]

16 June – The Churchill war ministry offers a Franco-British Union to Paul Reynaud, Prime Minister of France, in the hope of preventing France from agreeing to an armistice with Nazi Germany.

17 June – {{RMS|Lancastria}}, serving as a troopship, is bombed and sunk by the Luftwaffe while evacuating British troops and nationals from Saint-Nazaire with the loss of at least 4,000 lives, the largest single UK loss in any World War II event, immediate news of which is suppressed in the British press.^[9]

18 June

Churchill makes his Battle of Britain speech to the House of Commons, "...the Battle of France is over. The Battle of Britain is about to begin... This was their finest hour."
Appeal of 18 June: General Charles de Gaulle, de facto leader of the Free French Forces, makes his first broadcast appeal over Radio Londres from London, rallying French Resistance.

23 June – BBC Forces Programme begins broadcasting Music While You Work.^[10]

30 June – German forces land in Guernsey marking the start of the 5-year Occupation of the Channel Islands.

2 July – British-owned {{SS|Arandora Star}}, carrying civilian internees and POWs of Italian and German origin from Liverpool to Canada, is torpedoed and sunk by {{GS|U-47|1938|6}} off northwest Ireland with the loss of around 865 lives.

3 July

Operation Catapult aims to take French navy ships into British control or destroy them to prevent them falling into German hands. Those in port at Plymouth and Portsmouth are boarded and in an attack on Mers-el-Kébir British naval units sink or seize ships of the French fleet anchored in the Algerian ports of Mers El Kébir and Oran. The following day, Vichy France breaks off diplomatic relations with Britain.
Cardiff bombed for the first time.

9 July – the Battle of Britain begins.

19 July – Adolf Hitler makes a peace appeal to Britain in an address to the Reichstag. Lord Halifax, British foreign minister, flatly rejects peace terms in a broadcast reply on 22 July.

22 July – Special Operations Executive formed to undertake espionage and sabotage in enemy-occupied countries.

9 August – Birmingham Blitz (Regenschirm): Heavy bombing of Birmingham begins.

18 August

"The Hardest Day" in the Battle of Britain: both sides lose more aircraft combined on this day than at any other point during the campaign without the Luftwaffe achieving dominance over RAF Fighter Command.
HRH The Prince Edward, Duke of Windsor, installed as Governor of the Bahamas.^[11]

20 August – Churchill pays tribute in Parliament to the Royal Air Force fighter crews: "Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few."^[1]

24 August

First aid raid on London takes place.
Howard Florey and a team including Ernst Chain, Arthur Duncan Gardner, Norman Heatley, M. Jennings, J. Orr-Ewing and G. Sanders at the Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, publish their laboratory results showing the in vivo bactericidal action of penicillin. They have also purified the drug.^[12]^[13]

26 August – the RAF bomb Berlin for the first time.^[1]

7 September – The Blitz begins. This will be the first of 57 consecutive nights of strategic bombing on London.^[1]

15 September – RAF command claims victory over the Luftwaffe in the Battle of Britain; this day is thereafter known as "Battle of Britain Day".^[14]

17–18 September – {{SS|City of Benares}} is torpedoed by {{GS|U-48|1939|6}} in the Atlantic with the loss of 248 of the 406 on board, including child evacuees bound for Canada. The sinking results in cancellation of the Children's Overseas Reception Board's plan to relocate British children abroad.^[15]

23 September – King George VI announces the creation of the George Cross decoration during a radio broadcast.^[1]

27 September – the Battle of Graveney Marsh in Kent, the last exchange of shots with a foreign force on mainland British soil, takes place when soldiers of the London Irish Rifles capture the crew of a downed new German Junkers Ju 88 bomber who initially resist arrest with gunfire; one of the enemy is shot in the foot.^[16]^[17]^[18]

9 October – Winston Churchill succeeds Neville Chamberlain as Leader of the Conservative Party.

14 October – At least 64 people are killed when a German bomb penetrates Balham station on the London Underground which is in use as an air-raid shelter.

25 October – Air Chief Marshal Sir Charles Portal is appointed to succeed Sir Cyril Newall as Chief of the Air Staff, a post he will hold for the remainder of the War.

31 October – The Battle of Britain ends.

6 November – Fourteen children are killed when a German bomb hits the Civic Centre in Southampton.

9 November – Major fire at Castle Howard in Yorkshire (at this time housing an evacuated girls' school).^[19]

11 November – Battle of Taranto: the Royal Navy launches the first aircraft carrier strike in history, on the Italian fleet at Taranto.

14–15 November – Coventry Blitz: the centre of Coventry is destroyed by 500 German Luftwaffe bombers: 150,000 incendiary devices, 503 tons of high explosives and 130 parachute mines level 60,000 of the city's 75,000 buildings. At least 568 people are killed, while 863 more are injured.^[1] Exceptionally, the location and nature of the damage here is immediately publicised in the media.

19 November – less than a week after the blitz of Coventry, further heavy air raids take place in central England. Birmingham,^[20] West Bromwich^[21] Dudley and Tipton^[22] are all bombed. Some 900 people are killed and 2,000 more injured – there are 53 deaths at the Birmingham Small Arms Company factory in Small Heath alone. Most of the region's casualties are in Birmingham.

23 November – Southampton Blitz: Southampton is bombed.^[23]

24 November – Bristol Blitz: beginning of the bombing of Bristol.

27 November–1 December: oil storage depot fire at Turnchapel, Plymouth, caused by bombing.

12–15 December – Sheffield Blitz ("Operation Crucible"): the city of Sheffield is heavily bombed by the Luftwaffe. 660 people are killed, while another 1,500 are injured and 30,000 more left homeless.

14 December – Release of the Ealing Studios war comedy Sailors Three, starring Tommy Trinder and Claude Hulbert; the song "All Over The Place", sung by Trinder in the film (words by Frank Eyton; music by Noel Gay), becomes one of the most popular of the war.^[24]

20 December – An anti-aircraft shell fired from Dudley accidentally strikes a public house in neighbouring Tipton, resulting in dozens of casualties.

20–21 December – Liverpool Blitz: Liverpool is heavily bombed, with well over 300 people killed and hundreds more injured.

22 December – Manchester Blitz: Manchester is heavily bombed as the Luftwaffe air raids on Britain continue. 363 are killed and 1,183 wounded; and Manchester Cathedral is badly damaged.

29 December – Heavy bombing in London causes the Second Great Fire of London.^[1] Guildhall is among many buildings badly damaged or destroyed. There are hundreds more casualties.

Undated

Following the outbreak of World War II, housebuilding is halted, but some 1.1 million council houses have been built in the last 20 years to replace slum property, although the need for further demolition and rehousing remains, including the issue of rehousing families left homeless by air raids.^[25]

Publications

Michael Foot, Frank Owen and Peter Howard’s political tract Guilty Men (published under the pseudonym "Cato").

Joyce Carey's novel Charley is My Darling.

Agatha Christie's Hercule Poirot novels Sad Cypress and One, Two, Buckle My Shoe.

T. S. Eliot's poem East Coker, second of the Four Quartets (in March New English Weekly).

Graham Greene's novel The Power and the Glory.

Michael Sadleir's novel Fanny by Gaslight.

Thomas Sharp's Pelican book Town Planning.

C. P. Snow's novel George Passant.

C. Henry Warren's account England is a Village illustrated by Denys Watkins-Pitchford.

Literary magazine Horizon (January).

Births

4 January

Alexander Chancellor, English journalist (died 2017)
Professor Brian Josephson, scientist

14 January – Trevor Nunn, stage and film director

19 January – Mike Reid, comedian, actor, and author (died 2007)

22 January – John Hurt, actor (died 2017)

23 January

Brian Labone, footballer (died 2006)
Ted Rowlands, politician

31 January – Pat Kavanagh, South African-born literary agent (died 2008)

2 February – David Jason, actor

6 February – Jimmy Tarbuck, comedian

20 February – Jimmy Greaves, footballer and television pundit

24 February

Denis Law, Scottish footballer
John Lyall, football player and manager (died 2006)

1 March – David Broome, showjumping champion

15 March – Frank Dobson, politician

1 April – Annie Nightingale, radio music presenter

2 April

Mike Hailwood, motorcycle racer (died 1981)
Penelope Keith, actress

15 April – Jeffrey Archer, politician, novelist and perjurer

16 April – Margaret Maden, academic

17 April – Billy Fury, singer songwriter (died 1983)

1 May – John Wheeler, politician

6 May – Alexandra Burslem, academic

7 May – Angela Carter, novelist and journalist (died 1992)

8 May – James Blyth, Baron Blyth of Rowington, English businessman and academic

9 May – Alan Ryan, English philosopher and academic

12 May – Dominic Cadbury, English businessman and academic

13 May – Bruce Chatwin, novelist and travel writer (died 1989)

14 May – Chay Blyth, Scottish yachtsman and adventurer

16 May – Gareth Roberts, physicist (died 2007)

23 May – Giles Gordon, Scottish author and agent (died 2003)

7 June – Tom Jones, Welsh singer

8 June – Carole Ann Ford, actress

20 June – John Mahoney, actor (died 2018 in the United States)

23 June

Adam Faith, actor and singer (died 2003)
Derry Irvine, Scottish-born Lord Chancellor of England

25 June – A. J. Quinnell, writer (died 2005)

29 June – John Dawes, rugby player

4 July – Dave Rowberry, pianist and songwriter (The Animals) (died 2003)

7 July – Ringo Starr, drummer (The Beatles)

11 July – Tommy Vance, radio broadcaster (died 2005)

13 July – Patrick Stewart, actor

17 July – Tim Brooke-Taylor, radio and television personality

19 September – Zandra Rhodes, fashion designer

9 October – John Lennon, musician and singer (The Beatles) (murdered 1980)

14 October – Cliff Richard, singer and actor

17 October – Peter Stringfellow, nightclub owner (d. 2018)

19 October – Michael Gambon, actor

31 October – Eric Griffiths, guitarist (The Quarrymen) (died 2005)

4 November – Daniel Sperber, Welsh-born Israeli author, university professor and scholar

14 November – Freddie Garrity, singer (died 2006)

10 December – Anne Gibson, Baroness Gibson of Market Rasen, English union leader and author

22 December – Noel Jones, British Ambassador to Kazakhstan (died 1995)

Deaths

11 February – John Buchan, Scottish novelist, Unionist politician and Governor General of Canada (born 1875)

18 April – H. A. L. Fisher, historian and Liberal politician (born 1865; died as result of road accident)

2 May – Ernest Joyce, Antarctic explorer (born c.1875)

7 May – George Lansbury, politician and social reformer; leader of the Labour Party from 1932 to 1935 (born 1859)

17 June – Arthur Harden, chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (born 1865)

24 June – Alfred Fowler, astronomer (born 1868)

16 July – Ray Strachey, feminist campaigner (born 1887)

22 August – Oliver Lodge, physicist (born 1851)

30 August – J. J. Thomson, physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (born 1856)

26 September – W. H. Davies, Welsh poet and author (born 1871)

9 October – Sir Wilfred Grenfell, medical missionary to Newfoundland and Labrador (born 1865)

30 October – Hilda Matheson, pioneering radio talks producer (born 1888)

2 November – Squadron Leader Archie McKellar, fighter ace (born 1912; killed in Battle of Britain)

9 November – Neville Chamberlain, former Prime Minister (born 1869)

16 December – William Wallace, Scottish composer (born 1860)

References

1. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹¹⁰{{cite book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006}}
2. ^¹{{cite book|first=Paul|last=Simons|title=Since Records Began|location=London|publisher=Collins|year=2008|isbn=978-0-00-728463-4|pages=205–7}}
3. ^{{cite book|last=Gowing|first=Margaret|authorlink=Margaret Gowing|title=Britain and Atomic Energy, 1935–1945|year=1964|location=London|publisher=Macmillan Publishing|oclc=3195209|pages=40–43}}
4. ^{{cite book|first=Peter|last=Doyle|title=ARP and Civil Defence in the Second World War|location=Oxford|publisher=Shire Publications|year=2010|isbn=978-0-7478-0765-0|page=9}}
5. ^{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|author2=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=386–387|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}
6. ^¹{{cite encyclopedia|first=Lars|last=Borgersrud|authorlink=Lars Borgersrud|encyclopedia=Norsk krigsleksikon 1940–45|title=Nøytralitetsvakt|editor=Dahl, Hans Fredrik|editor2=Hjeltnes, Guri|editor3=Nøkleby, Berit|editor4=Ringdal, Nils Johan|editor5=Sørensen, Øystein|url=http://www.nb.no/utlevering/nb/d2e8afecb1aba47bf48bb3cd246dd070#&struct=DIV314|accessdate=2012-06-29|year=1995|publisher=Cappelen|location=Oslo|isbn=82-02-14138-9|page=313|language=Norwegian}}
7. ^¹{{cite book|authorlink=Andrew Roberts (historian)|first=Andrew|last=Roberts|title='The Holy Fox': a biography of Lord Halifax|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|year=1991|isbn=0-297-81133-9}}
8. ^{{cite web|title=Surrender at St. Valéry|url=http://51hd.co.uk/history/valery_1940|publisher=51st Highland Division|accessdate=2014-07-17}}
9. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1940/07/26/archives/lancastrias-end-told-by-survivors-italian-and-nazi-planes-said-to.html|title=Lancastria's end told by survivors; Italian and Nazi Planes Said to Have Shot at Swimmers and Fired Oily Waters; Many Caught Below Deck; Rescue Craft Reported Set Ablaze; Victims Include Women and Children|work=The New York Times|date=26 July 1940|accessdate=22 May 2010}}
10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.whirligig-tv.co.uk/radio/mwyw.htm|title=Music While You Work|work=whirligig-tv|accessdate=2011-01-11}}
11. ^{{cite book|last=Bloch|first=Michael|year=1982|title=The Duke of Windsor's War|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|isbn=0-297-77947-8}}
12. ^{{cite journal|last=Drews|first=Jürgen|date=March 2000|title=Drug Discovery: a Historical Perspective|journal=Science|volume=287|issue=5460|pages=1960–4|doi=10.1126/science.287.5460.1960|pmid=10720314}}
13. ^{{cite book|first=Patrick|last=Robertson|title=The Shell Book of Firsts|location=London|publisher=Ebury Press|year=1974|page=124}}
14. ^{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4257084.stm|title=Monument marks Battle of Britain|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=2008-03-07|date=18 September 2005}}
15. ^{{cite book|first=Mike|last=Brown|title=Evacuees of the Second World War|location=Oxford|publisher=Shire Publications|year=2009|isbn=978-0-7478-0745-2}}
16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.kentonline.co.uk/kentonline/news/2009/september/30/battle_of_graveney.aspx|title=Forgotten frontline exhibition tells how Luftwaffe fought with soldiers on Kent marshes|first=Ron|last=Green|author2=Harrison, Mark|work=KentOnline|date=30 September 2009}}
17. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/world-war-2/7956015/Kent-battle-between-German-bomber-crew-and-British-soldiers-marked-after-70-years.html|title=Kent battle between German bomber crew and British soldiers marked after 70 years|date=20 August 2010|work=The Daily Telegraph|accessdate=20 August 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100823025714/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/world-war-2/7956015/Kent-battle-between-German-bomber-crew-and-British-soldiers-marked-after-70-years.html|archivedate=23 August 2010|deadurl=no}}
18. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1304704/Graveney-Marsh-Last-Battle-Britain-finally-remembered-70-years.html|title=The last battle on British soil? Little-known conflict at Graveney Marsh finally remembered after 70 years|work=Daily Mail|date=20 August 2010|accessdate=5 August 2013|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20100823063638/http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1304704/Graveney-Marsh-Last-Battle-Britain-finally-remembered-70-years.html|archivedate=23 August 2010|deadurl= no}}
19. ^Hull Daily Mail (1940-11-11) p.3.
20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thebirminghampress.com/2010/11/08/53-killed-at-bsa-works-19th-november-1940/|title=53 killed at BSA works – 19th November 1940|work=The Birmingham Press|accessdate=2012-06-29}}
21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/47/a7269447.shtml|first=J.M.|last=Day|title=West Bromwich at War – Part 2|work=WW2 People's War|publisher=BBC|date=25 November 2005|accessdate=2012-06-29}}
22. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.blackcountrybugle.co.uk/News/Shrapnel-from-Dudley-2.htm|title=Shrapnel from Dudley|work=Black Country Bugle|date=21 August 2008|accessdate=2012-06-29}}
23. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.plimsoll.org/Southampton/Southamptonatwar/southamptonsblitz/default.asp|title=Southampton's Blitz|accessdate=2007-10-03}}
24. ^Based on sheet music sales.
25. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/towncountry/towns/overview/councilhousing/|title=Council housing|work=www.parliament.uk|accessdate=2014-02-24}}

Incumbents