| 词条 | Free-Germany Movement |
| 释义 |
Not to be confused with the more prominent Free Germany - Freies Deutschland - movement during the Second World War. The Free-Germany Movement ({{lang-de|Frei-Deutschland-Bewegung}}) was a movement of German exiled opponents to the rule of Adolf Hitler during the Second World War. The movement was led by Otto Strasser. FoundingThe Free-Germany Movement was founded on January 30, 1941 (the 8th anniversary of Hitler's take-over of power in Germany), in part as a continuation of emigre remants of Strasser's Black Front group.[1][2][2] Strasser modelled his organization on the 'Free France' of Charles de Gaulle.[2] The group began publishing propaganda material in German, English and Spanish languages.[3] In its first proclamation the Free-Germany Movement called for "struggle against Nazism and punishment of the guilty" as well as calling for a democratic constitution, federalism and autonomy, peace between democracies and God-fearing policies.[6][4] OrganizationWhilst Strasser was living in Canada at the time, the group had most of its followers in Latin America.[8] The organization had two main offices, one in New York City headed by Kurt Singer and one in Buenos Aires headed by Bruno Fricke.[1] Strasser named Fricke as the leader of the Free-Germany Movement in Latin America, a role Fricke had also occupied in the Black Front.[10] Friecke was also named First Vice Chairman of the organization.[10] In Uruguay the landesleiter was Erico Schoemann who was an old Black Front support and who ran the publication Die Zeit/El Tiempo in Montevideo.[5][6] The Free-Germany Movement also had small units in West Canada, China and South Africa (the latter unit was led by August Pokorski).[5][7] The Free-Germany Movement was politically broader than Strasser's previous grouping, gathering people with Christian, national-conservative or social democratic backgrounds.[5] For example the landesleiter ('Country Leader') of the Free-Germany Movement in Brazil was Helmut Hütter, an Austrian who hailed from a conservative Catholic background.[7] In Bolivia, were the size of the organization was rather marginal, it was led by Hugo Efferoth, a former social democrat.[6][8] DisintegrationWhilst Strasser had built an impressive organization on paper, the organization soon withered apart. He tried to impose himself as the sole authority in the movement, but the organization was far too heterogenerous for such an approach to work.[5] The sole key characteristic of all members of the organization was their anti-communist orientation.[5] In November 1941 Strasser dismissed his landesleiter in Colombia, in 1942 the landesleiters in Venezuela and Chile.[9] By late 1942 the organization was largely defunct.[5] Isolation in emigre communityStrasser had also hoped to build unity with other German exiled opposition groups, but found himself politically isolated.[5] For example he sought contact with the Social Democrat Albert Grzesinski in the United States and the Anti-Nazi Freedom Movement in Colombia.[5] The nationalist, clerical, conservative and authoritarian tendencies of Strasser's grouping made collaboration with German leftist and Jewish exiled opposition groups impossible.[2] The organization was frequently attacked in the progressive emigre German press in Latin America.[7] Failed overture to AlliesThe movement aspired to build a 'Free-German Legion' to join the war on the Allied side.[10] The effort was not successful. On the contrary, Strasser was placed in Allied internment camp 1943-1946.[11] On Austrian questionKeeping a Greater German nationalist outlook, the Free-German Movement opposed the formation of an exiled Austrian national government.[7] Rather than organizing an 'Austrian' section, Austrian members of the organization joined their respective 'Gaue'.[12] Later periodThe influence of the Free-Germany Movement dwinled, albeit Die Zeit continued to appear in Montevideo until 1946.[1] As of 1946, the Free-Germany Movement welcomed Nuremberg trials sentences against Hermann Göring and Julius Streicher, but considered the sentencing of Karl Dönitz unjust.[13] References1. ^1 2 Friedmann, Germán Claus. [https://ri.conicet.gov.ar/handle/11336/45432 Nacionalsocialistas anti-hitleristas y cuestión judía: Los casos de Die Schwarze Front y Frei-Deutschland Bewegung en la Argentina]. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Humanas. Instituto de Estudios Histórico-Sociales «Prof. Juan Carlos Grosso»; Anuario IEHS; 31; 1; 6-2016; 15-36 2. ^1 {{cite book|author1=Gilbert Krebs|author2=Gérard Schneilin|title=Exil et résistance au national-socialisme, 1933-1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uB4QlwalgtwC&pg=PA254|year=1998|publisher=Presses Sorbonne Nouvelle|isbn=978-2-910212-07-0|page=254}} 3. ^{{cite book|author=Karl John Richard Arndt|title=German-American newspapers and periodicals, 1732-1955: history and bibliography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K8YvAQAAIAAJ|year=1965|publisher=Johnson Reprint Corp.|page=394}} 4. ^{{cite book|author=Kurt Hirsch|title=Deutschlandpläne: Dokumente und Materialien zur deutschen Frage|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n0MIAQAAIAAJ|year=1967|publisher=Rütten & Loening|page=165}} 5. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 {{cite book|author=Joseph Strelka|title=Deutschsprachige Exilliteratur seit 1933: USA.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TeVbAAAAMAAJ|year=2001|publisher=Francke|isbn=978-3-908255-17-8|pages=519-520}} 6. ^{{cite book|author=Izabela Maria Furtado Kestler|title=Die Exilliteratur und das Exil der Deutschsprachigen Schriftsteller und Publizisten in Brasilien|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eg8iAQAAIAAJ|year=1992|publisher=P. Lang|isbn=978-3-631-45160-1|page=142}} 7. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite book|author=Society for Exile Studies|title=Gedanken an Deutschland im Exil und andere Themen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3mdFAQAAIAAJ|year=1985|publisher=Text + Kritik|isbn=978-3-88377-205-9|pages=150–151, 153}} 8. ^{{cite book|author=Reinhold Billstein|title=Das entscheidende Jahr: Sozialdemokratie und Kommunistische Partei in Köln 1945/46|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5gYyAAAAIAAJ|year=1988|publisher=dme-Verlag|isbn=978-3-922977-34-6|page=90}} 9. ^1 2 {{cite book|author=Patrik von Zur Mühlen|title=Fluchtziel Lateinamerika: Die deutsche Emigration 1933-1945 : politische Aktivitäten und soziokulturelle Integration|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K2sNAAAAIAAJ|date=1 January 1988|publisher=Verlag Neue Gesellschaft|isbn=978-3-87831-472-1|pages=115, 117, 220}} 10. ^Sozialistische Mitteilungen, Nr. 28 - 1941 11. ^{{cite book|author=Gerd R. Ueberschär|title=Handbuch zum Widerstand gegen Nationalsozialismus und Faschismus in Europa 1933/39 bis 1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VQEdhqh9N3IC&pg=PA334|date=23 December 2010|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-598-44092-2|page=334}} 12. ^{{cite book|author1=Ursula Prutsch|author2=Klaus Zeyringer|title=Die Welten des Paul Frischauer: ein literarischer Abenteurer im historischen Kontext : Wien, London, Rio, New York, Wien|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=36H0yzrIRuEC&pg=PA232|year=1997|publisher=Böhlau Verlag Wien|isbn=978-3-205-98748-2|page=232}} 13. ^1 {{cite book|author1=Thomas Koebner|author2=Gert Sautermeister|author3=Sigrid Schneider|title=Deutschland nach Hitler: Zukunftspläne im Exil und aus der Besatzungszeit 1939–1949|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0OZ8BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA173|date=9 March 2013|publisher=Springer-Verlag|isbn=978-3-322-94354-5|pages=173, 176}} 4 : Political parties in Germany|German resistance to Nazism|Political parties established in 1941|Strasserism |
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