| 词条 | Galeb-class minelayer | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
The Galeb class were minelayers originally built as minesweepers for the Imperial German Navy between 1918 and 1919. In July 1921, the six unarmed vessels were purchased as "tugs" for the navy of the newly created Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (from 1929, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia). Re-armed with two Škoda {{convert|90|mm|in|abbr=on}} L/45 guns and two machine guns, they could carry 24 naval mines. They all served until April 1941, when they were captured by the Italians during the World War II German-led Axis invasion of Yugoslavia. They were then put into service by the Regia Marina under new names. Five of the ships were lost or sunk during World War II, the remaining vessel was put into service by the Yugoslav Navy after the war, and was finally deleted in 1962. Description and constructionThe Galeb class was built as 1916-designed {{sclass-|M 1|minesweeper|1}}s by three German shipbuilding yards during 1917–1919. Their German designations and builders were: M 97, M 100 and M 112 — Joh. C. Tecklenborg, Geestemünde; M 106 — Reiherstieg, Hamburg; M 121 and M144 — Neptun, Rostock. They used two three-cylinder vertical triple expansion engines driving two propeller shafts, using steam generated by two coal-fired boilers. They had a waterline length of {{convert|56.1|m|ftin|abbr=on}}, an overall length of {{convert|59.58|–|59.63|m|ftin|abbr=on}}, a beam of {{convert|7.3|m|ftin|abbr=on}}, and a normal draught of {{convert|2.15|m|ftin|abbr=on}}. They had a designed displacement of {{convert|508|t|LT}}, and {{convert|548|–|560|t|LT}} at deep load. The crew consisted of forty officers and men. Their engines were rated at {{convert|1840|–|1850|ihp|lk=in|abbr=on}} and were designed propel the ship at a top speed of {{convert|16|kn}}. They carried {{convert|115|t|LT}} of coal, which gave them a radius of action of {{convert|2000|nmi|lk=in|abbr=on}} at {{convert|14|kn}}. In German service they were armed with two {{convert|105|mm|in|abbr=on}} SK L/45 naval guns,{{refn|L/45 denotes the length of the gun. In this case, the L45 gun is 45 calibre, meaning that the gun was 45 times as long as the diameter of its bore.|group = lower-alpha}} and carried 120 rounds for each gun. They could carry 30 naval mines, and with their minesweeping gear extended, they could maintain a maximum speed of {{convert|12.5|–|13|kn}}.{{sfn|Gröner|1991|pp=112–114}} Service historyThe six minesweepers were bought as unarmed "tugs" by the government of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later Yugoslavia) on 20 July 1921, for 1,400,000 marks each. Their German designations were M97, M100, M106, M112, M121 and M144. Taken into service in the navy of the new kingdom, they were initially classified as mining tenders,{{sfn|Vego|1982|p=347}} and renamed Orao (Eagle), Galeb (Seagull), Gavran (Raven), Jastreb (Hawk), Kobac (Sparrow Hawk), and Sokol (Falcon), respectively. They were rearmed with two Škoda {{convert|90|mm|in|abbr=on}} L/45 guns and two machine guns, and could carry twenty-four mines. The crew was increased to fifty-one. In 1923, Gavran was renamed Labud (Swan).{{sfn|Vego|1982|p=356}}{{sfn|Chesneau|1980|p=357}} In 1931, some of the guns were re-lined to {{convert|83.5|mm|in|abbr=on}} to use the same ammunition as the dual-purpose guns fitted to the Yugoslav light cruiser Dalmacija.{{sfn|Friedman|2011|p=292}} The following year, the British naval attaché reported that Yugoslav ships were engaging in little gunnery training, and few exercises or manoeuvres, due to reduced budgets.{{sfn|Jarman|1997|p=451}} In August 1935, the seaplane carrier {{ship|Yugoslav minelayer|Zmaj||2}} accompanied by Galeb, Labud and Kobac visited the Greek island of Corfu.{{sfn|Jarman|1997|p=641}} By 1936, the class had been re-classified as minelayers.{{sfn|Vego|1982|p=350}} In 1938–39 Jastreb was fitted for oil-firing only.{{sfn|Chesneau|1980|p=357}}{{sfn|Gröner|1991|p=118}} During the World War II German-led Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941, all six ships were captured in port by the Italians.{{sfn|Chesneau|1980|p=357}} Kobac was captured on 10 April at Šibenik, and the remainder were captured on 17 April: Sokol was captured at Split, and the rest at the Bay of Kotor. They were soon put into commission in the Regia Marina as Vergada (ex-Orao), Selve (ex-Galeb), Zuri (ex-Labud), Zirona (ex-Jastreb),{{refn|According to Gröner, this vessel was renamed Irona.{{sfn|Gröner|1991|p=118}}|group = lower-alpha}} Eso (ex-Sokol), and Unie (ex-Kobac).{{sfn|Chesneau|1980|p=357}}{{sfn|Brown|1995|p=44}}{{sfn|Gröner|1991|p=117}} Zirona was damaged and beached near Benghazi on 24–25 November 1941 after a British air raid, and was destroyed by the Italians on 28 November.{{sfn|Chesneau|1980|p=357}}{{sfn|Brown|1995|p=52}} Selve was damaged by a Royal Air Force air raid at Benghazi on 6 November 1942, and burned out,{{sfn|Brown|1995|p=71}} finally being broken up in 1948.{{sfn|Gröner|1991|p=117}} Eso was torpedoed by Royal Navy aircraft {{convert|7|km|abbr=on}} east of Djerba Island off the Tunisian coast on 19 January 1943,{{sfn|Chesneau|1980|p=357}}{{sfn|Brown|1995|p=80}} while on escort duty with the {{sclass-|Palestro|torpedo boat|1}} San Martino and two other vessels.{{sfn|Gröner|1991|p=119}} Unie was destroyed by an explosion at Bizerta following an air raid by United States Army Air Forces aircraft on 30 January 1943.{{sfn|Brown|1995|p=81}} The last of the class to be sunk during the war was Zuri, which had been renamed Oriole in June 1942.{{sfn|Gröner|1991|p=118}} She was scuttled by her crew on 10 July 1943 at Augusta, Sicily, in the face of advancing British troops,{{sfn|Chesneau|1980|p=357}} following damage sustained in an air attack south of Messina.{{sfn|Brown|1995|p=88}} The surviving vessel, Vergada, was recovered and handed back to the Royal Yugoslav Navy-in-exile at Malta on 7 December 1943.{{sfn|Brown|1995|p=44}} She remained in service through the rest of the war, and became part of the post-war Yugoslav Navy, serving as Pionir from August 1945, and as Zelengora from 1955. She was finally disposed of in 1962.{{sfn|Chesneau|1980|p=357}}{{sfn|Gröner|1991|p=117}} See also
NotesFootnotes{{reflist|30em}}ReferencesBooks
| last = Brown | first = David | title = Warship Losses of World War Two | year = 1995 | publisher = Naval Institute Press | location = Annapolis, Maryland | isbn = 978-1-55750-914-7 | ref = harv
| editor-last = Chesneau | editor-first = Roger | year = 1980 | title = Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships, 1922–1946 | publisher = Conway Maritime Press | location = London, England | isbn = 978-0-85177-146-5 | ref = harv
| last = Friedman | first = Norman | year = 2011 | title = Naval Weapons of World War I | publisher = Naval Institute Press | location = Annapolis, Maryland | isbn = 978-1-84832-100-7 | ref = harv
| last = Gröner | first = Erich | editor-last1 = Jung | editor-first1 = Dieter | editor-last2 = Maass | editor-first2 = Martin | translator-last1 = Thomas | translator-first1 = Keith | translator-last2 = Magowan | translator-first2 = Rachel | year = 1991 | title = U-boats and Mine Warfare Vessels | volume = 2 | work = German Warships 1815–1945 | location = London, England | publisher = Conway Maritime Press | isbn = 0-85177-593-4 | ref = harv
| editor-last = Jarman | editor-first = Robert L. | year = 1997 | title = Yugoslavia Political Diaries 1918–1965 | volume = 2 | publisher = Archives Edition | location = Slough, Berkshire | isbn = 978-1-85207-950-5 | ref = harv Journals
| last = Vego | first = Milan | year = 1982 | title = The Yugoslav Navy 1918–1941 | journal = Warship International | volume = | issue = 4 | pages = 342–361 | issn = 0043-0374 | publisher = International Naval Research Organisation | location = Toledo, Ohio | ref = harv{{WWII Yugoslav Ships}} 3 : World War I minelayers of Germany|Mine warfare vessel classes|Mine warfare vessels of the Royal Yugoslav Navy |
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