“Gaslighting America”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

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Gaslighting America

释义

References

{{Multiple issues|{{notability|Books|date=February 2019}}{{primary sources|date=February 2019}}
}}{{Infobox book
| name = Gaslighting America
| author = Carpenter, Amanda B.
| publisher = HarperCollins Publishers
| isbn = 9780062748027
|
| image =
| caption = First edition
| release_date = 2018
| media_type = Print (Hardback & Paperback & ebook)
| pages = 269 (1st edition)
| oclc =
}}

Gaslighting America is a non-fiction book by Amanda Carpenter, a political commentator, writer, and former Senate staffer. The book analyzes certain public and social media strategies used by Donald J. Trump in his 2016 candidacy for U.S. President and during his current presidency. The author refers to these strategies as a type of gas lighting.

Cognitive neuroscientist Bobby Azarian has described Trump's gas lighting as using psychological manipulation to get people to question their own perceptions of reality.^[1] Azarian states this is consistent with a narcissistic personality disorder and symptoms of sociopathy. The target of gas lighting is made to doubt their own memory, perception, and reality by the subject's persistent lying, misdirection, and contradiction. When successful, gas lighting delegitimizes the victim’s beliefs by confusing and destabilizing them.

Carpenter analyzed Trump gas lighting methods and found he employs the following sequence of steps: :{{sfn|Gaslighting America|2018|p=15}}

Stake a Claim. Find a political issue that competitors are unwilling to approach and that the media will find sensational.
Advance and Deny. Bring the issue into public awareness without a side on it. Discuss the issue with media by speculating on what others are saying, reporting, or thinking about the issue, whether they are or not, using unverifiable sources, such as Youtube, Twitter, or internet news stories as references. Conspiracy theories are useful for presenting issues, since the lack of real evidence to support them serves only to further the deepening of the conspiracy. {{sfn|Gaslighting America|2018|p=191}}
Create Suspense. Announce to the media the important evidence regarding the issue will soon be revealed.
Discredit the Opponent. Attack the motives and personal character of any who criticize the raising of the issue in question, often with demeaning nicknames that attack personal attributes of the opponent.
Win. Declare victory, regardless of the circumstances. This is used to bury the issue.

Some additional details of the "gaslighting" method are provided in the Appendix {{sfn|Gaslighting America|2018|p=202-203}}

In step 1, tweeting between 6 and 9 AM, especially on Saturday mornings when there is little other news, is most effective.
In step 2, stating the claim without announcing a position on it is done by statements such as, "Some people say..." and "I'm saying I don't know, nobody knows, etc." At rallies, by repeating the claimed issue to the crowd, framed by phrases such as, "I'm not going to say," I'm not allowed to say," "I want to be politically correct," "So I refuse to say," etc.
In step 4, negative terms used to attack opponents include, "loser," "sad," "weak," "dumb," "failing," "overrated," "phone," and "crazy."
In step 5, polling and other data that is contrary to his position is dismissed as "dishonest," or "rigged."

In an afterword,{{sfn|Gaslighting America|2018|p=185}} the author provides her ideas for "fireproofing," i.e. - suggestions for countering the effects of the "gaslighting" tactics she ascribes to Donald Trump. These suggestions include letting go of the outrage to such tactics because there is no way to stop them, attempting to discern the real motive behind issues being raised, pinning down the speaker to actual sources, identifying "clickbait" headlines when they are expressed, tuning the speaker out, and seeking out bias in organizations that report "wins" for the issue's proponent.

References

1. ^{{cite web|title=Trump Is Gaslighting America Again — Here’s How to Fight It |url = https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/mind-in-the-machine/201808/trump-is-gaslighting-america-again-here-s-how-fight-it|website=psychologytoday.com|accessdate=2019-02-06}}

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