“Gastruloid”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Gastruloids are three dimensional aggregates of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) that, under appropriate culture conditions develop an embryo-like organization with three orthogonal axes and a precise distribution of the primordia for multiple derivatives of the three germ layers in the absence of extraembryonic tissues. Significantly, they lack fore- mid- and hindbrain. They are a model system for the study of mammalian development and disease^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8].

Background

The Gastruloid model system draws its origins from work by Marikawa et al.^[9]^[10]. In those studies, small numbers P19 embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells were aggregated as embryoid bodies (EBs) and used to investigate the processes involved in mesoderm formation.^[9] The EBs were able to organise themselves into structures similar to the gastrulating embryo with polarised gene expression, axial elongation/organisation and up-regulation of posterior mesodermal markers. This was in stark contrast to work using EBs from mouse ESCs, where this level of organisation had not been reported, even though progenitors of axial populations can be generated in culture^[11]^[12].

Following this study, the Martinez Arias laboratory in the Department of Genetics at the University of Cambridge demonstrated how aggregates of mouse ESCs were able to generate structures that exhibited collective behaviours with striking similarity to those during early development such as symmetry-breaking (in terms of gene expression), axial elongation and germ-layer specification^[3]^[7]. To quote from the original paper: "Altogether, these observations further emphasize the similarity between the processes that we have uncovered here and the events in the embryo. The movements are related to those of cells in gastrulating embryos and for this reason we term these aggregates ‘gastruloids’". As noted by the authors of this protocol, a crucial difference between this culture method and previous work with mouse EBs was the use of small numbers of cells which may be important for generating the correct length scale for patterning.^[3]^[4]^[13]

Brachyury (T/Bra), a gene which marks the primitive streak and the site of gastrulation, is up-regulated in the Gastruloids following a pulse of the Wnt/β-Catenin agonist CHIR99021^[2] (Chi; other factors have also been tested^[3]) and becomes regionalised to the elongating tip of the Gastruloid. From or near the region expressing T/Bra, cells expressing the mesodermal marker tbx6 are extruded from the similar to cells in the gastrulating embryo; it is for this reason that these structures are called Gastruloids^[3].

Further studies revealed that the events that specify T/Bra expression in gastruloids mimic those in the embryo^[7]. Modifications in the protocol^[14] and extended culture show that after seven days gastruloids exhibit an organization very similar to a midgestation embryo with spatially organized primordia for all mesodermal (axial, paraxial, intermediate, cardiac, cranial and hematopoietic) and endodermal derivatives as well as the spinal cord^[8]. They also implement Hox gene expression with the spatiotemporal coordinates as the embryo^[8].

A feature of gastruloids is a disconnect between the transcriptional programs and outlines and the morphogenesis.

Further reading

Martinez Arias lab website article containing up-to-date information on the history, methods and current protocols on the culture of Gatruloids and their uses.

The term Gastruloid has been expanded to include self-organised human embryonic stem cell arrangements on patterned (micro patterns) that mimic early patterning events in development.^[15]^[16]

References

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